rand48(3)

NAME

drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48,

srand48, seed48,
lcong48 - pseudo random number generators and initialization

routines

LIBRARY

Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS

#include <stdlib.h>
double
drand48(void);
double
erand48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
long
lrand48(void);
long
nrand48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
long
mrand48(void);
long
jrand48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
void
srand48(long seed);
unsigned short *
seed48(unsigned short xseed[3]);
void
lcong48(unsigned short p[7]);

DESCRIPTION

The rand48() family of functions generates pseudo-random

numbers using a
linear congruential algorithm working on integers 48 bits in

size. The
particular formula employed is r(n+1) = (a * r(n) + c) mod m

where the
default values are for the multiplicand a = 0xfdeece66d =

25214903917 and
the addend c = 0xb = 11. The modulo is always fixed at m =

2 ** 48.
r(n) is called the seed of the random number generator.

For all the six generator routines described next, the first

computational step is to perform a single iteration of the algo

rithm.

The drand48() and erand48() functions return values of type

double. The
full 48 bits of r(n+1) are loaded into the mantissa of the

returned
value, with the exponent set such that the values produced

lie in the
interval [0.0, 1.0).

The lrand48() and nrand48() functions return values of type

long in the
range [0, 2**31-1]. The high-order (31) bits of r(n+1) are

loaded into
the lower bits of the returned value, with the topmost

(sign) bit set to
zero.

The mrand48() and jrand48() functions return values of type

long in the
range [-2**31, 2**31-1]. The high-order (32) bits of r(n+1)

are loaded
into the returned value.

The drand48(), lrand48(), and mrand48() functions use an in

ternal buffer
to store r(n). For these functions the initial value of

r(0) =
0x1234abcd330e = 20017429951246.

On the other hand, erand48(), nrand48(), and jrand48() use a

user-supplied buffer to store the seed r(n), which consists of an

array of 3
shorts, where the zeroth member holds the least significant

bits.

All functions share the same multiplicand and addend.

The srand48() function is used to initialize the internal

buffer r(n) of
drand48(), lrand48(), and mrand48() such that the 32 bits of

the seed
value are copied into the upper 32 bits of r(n), with the

lower 16 bits
of r(n) arbitrarily being set to 0x330e. Additionally, the

constant multiplicand and addend of the algorithm are reset to the de

fault values
given above.

The seed48() function also initializes the internal buffer

r(n) of
drand48(), lrand48(), and mrand48(), but here all 48 bits of

the seed can
be specified in an array of 3 shorts, where the zeroth mem

ber specifies
the lowest bits. Again, the constant multiplicand and ad

dend of the
algorithm are reset to the default values given above. The

seed48()
function returns a pointer to an array of 3 shorts which

contains the old
seed. This array is statically allocated, thus its contents

are lost
after each new call to seed48().

Finally, lcong48() allows full control over the multiplicand

and addend
used in drand48(), erand48(), lrand48(), nrand48(),

mrand48(), and
jrand48(), and the seed used in drand48(), lrand48(), and

mrand48(). An
array of 7 shorts is passed as argument; the first three

shorts are used
to initialize the seed; the second three are used to ini

tialize the multiplicand; and the last short is used to initialize the ad

dend. It is
thus not possible to use values greater than 0xffff as the

addend.

Note that all three methods of seeding the random number

generator always
also set the multiplicand and addend for any of the six gen

erator calls.

For a more powerful random number generator, see random(3).

SEE ALSO

rand(3), random(3)

AUTHORS

Martin Birgmeier

BSD October 8, 1993

BSD