stdin(3)
NAME
stdin, stdout, stderr - standard I/O streams
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h> extern FILE *stdin; extern FILE *stdout; extern FILE *stderr;
DESCRIPTION
Under normal circumstances every Unix program has three streams opened
for it when it starts up, one for input, one for output, and one for
printing diagnostic or error messages. These are typically attached to
the user's terminal (see tty(4) but might instead refer to files or
other devices, depending on what the parent process chose to set up.
(See also the "Redirection" section of sh(1).)
The input stream is referred to as "standard input"; the output stream is referred to as "standard output"; and the error stream is referred to as "standard error". These terms are abbreviated to form the symbols used to refer to these files, namely stdin, stdout, and stderr.
Each of these symbols is a stdio(3) macro of type pointer to FILE, and can be used with functions like fprintf(3) or fread(3).
Since FILEs are a buffering wrapper around Unix file descriptors, the same underlying files may also be accessed using the raw Unix file interface, that is, the functions like read(2) and lseek(2).
On program startup, the integer file descriptors associated with the
streams stdin, stdout, and stderr are 0, 1, and 2, respectively. The
preprocessor symbols STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, and STDERR_FILENO are
defined with these values in <unistd.h>. (Applying freopen(3) to one
of these streams can change the file descriptor number associated with
the stream.)
Note that mixing use of FILEs and raw file descriptors can produce
unexpected results and should generally be avoided. (For the masochistic among you: POSIX.1, section 8.2.3, describes in detail how this
interaction is supposed to work.) A general rule is that file descriptors are handled in the kernel, while stdio is just a library. This
means for example, that after an exec(3), the child inherits all open
file descriptors, but all old streams have become inaccessible.
Since the symbols stdin, stdout, and stderr are specified to be macros,
assigning to them is nonportable. The standard streams can be made to
refer to different files with help of the library function freopen(3),
specially introduced to make it possible to reassign stdin, stdout, and
stderr. The standard streams are closed by a call to exit(3) and by
normal program termination.
CONFORMING TO
The stdin, stdout, and stderr macros conform to C89 and this standard
also stipulates that these three streams shall be open at program
startup.
NOTES
The stream stderr is unbuffered. The stream stdout is line-buffered
when it points to a terminal. Partial lines will not appear until
fflush(3) or exit(3) is called, or a newline is printed. This can produce unexpected results, especially with debugging output. The buffering mode of the standard streams (or any other stream) can be changed
using the setbuf(3) or setvbuf(3) call. Note that in case stdin is
associated with a terminal, there may also be input buffering in the
terminal driver, entirely unrelated to stdio buffering. (Indeed, normally terminal input is line buffered in the kernel.) This kernel
input handling can be modified using calls like tcsetattr(3); see also
stty(1), and termios(3).
SEE ALSO
csh(1), sh(1), open(2), fopen(3), stdio(3)
COLOPHON
- This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.