Embperl(3pm)

NAME

Embperl - Building dynamic Websites with Perl

SYNOPSIS

For a list of available Embperl documentation please view Embperl::TOC
with perldoc(1) or man(1). If Embperl is not yet installed, have a look
at perldoc TOC.pod in the distribution archive.

DESCRIPTION

Embperl is a framework for building websites with Perl.

For the beginner it's any easy to setup and use way of embedding Perl
code in HTML pages.

It delivers several features that ease the task of creating a websites, including dynamic tables, formfield-processing, escaping/unescaping,
session handling, caching and more.

If your demands grows it gives you the power to make your Web site
object-oriented and build it out of small reusable components. If you
don't like the idea of mixing up all your layout and code Embperl
supports separating it in different objects (e.g. createing an MVC
application). Of course Embperl doesn't ties you to HTML, it allows
components to be from different source formats (e.g. HTML, WML, XML,
POD, ...) and if necessary transforms it (for example via XSLT) to
other output formats. This is achieved by diving the output generation in small steps, where each is processed by a plugable provider.

Advanced user can create their own syntax definitions (for example tag libraries) and extent Embperl by writing their own providers and much
more

IMPORTANT: This document describes the syntax and several features of Embperl. Please read also perldoc Config.pod, which describes how to
configure Embperl and how to access the different Embperl objects and
their data. Also take a look at perldoc Embperl::Object to learn how to use Embperl page as objects.

Additionaly there are a few introductions documents should consider to read: Intro.pod, IntroEmbperl2.pod and IntroEmbperlObject.pod.

SYNTAX

Embperl understands two categories of commands. The first one are
special Embperl commands, and the second category consists of some HTML tags which can trigger special processing. Embperl commands can span
multiple lines and need not start or end at a line boundary.

Before the special Embperl commands are processed, and for the VALUE
attribute of the INPUT tag (see below), all HTML tags are removed and
special HTML characters are translated to their ASCII values (e.g.,
`&lt;' is translated to `<'). You can avoid this behavior by preceding the special character or HTML tag with a backslash. This is done in
case your favorite (WYSIWYG) HTML editor inserts tags like line breaks or formatting into your Embperl commands where you don't want them.

All Embperl commands start with a `[' and end with a `]'. To get a
real `[' you must enter `[['.

Embperl does not use SGML comments (i.e., <! ... !> or similar things) because some HTML editors can't create them, or it's much more
complicated. Since every HTML editor takes (or should take) `[' and `]' as normal text, there should be no problem.

[+ Perl code +]

Replace the command with the result you get from evaluating the Perl
code. The Perl code can be anything which can be used as an argument
to a Perl eval statement. (See "(Safe-)Namespaces and opcode
restrictions" below for restrictions.) Examples:

[+ $a +] Replaces the [+ $a +] with the content of

the variable $a

[+ $a+1 +] (Any expression can be used)

[+ $x[$i] +] (Arrays, hashes, and more complex

expressions work)

"NOTE:" Whitespace is ignored. The output will be automatically HTMLescaped (e.g., `<' is translated to `&lt;') depending on the value of
the variables $escmode. You do not have to worry about it.

[- Perl code -]

Executes the Perl code, but deletes the whole command from the HTML
output.

Examples:

[- $a=1 -] Set the variable $a to one.

No output will be generated.

[- use SomeModule ; -] You can use other modules. NOTE the semicolon!

[- $i=0; while ($i<5) {$i++} -] Even more complex

statements or multiple
statements are possible.

"NOTE:" Statements like if, while, for, etc., must be contained in a
single Embperl command. You cannot have the if in one command block
and the terminating `}' or else in another.

"NOTE:" To define subroutines, use "[! Perl Code !]" (see below)
instead of [- ... -] to avoid recompilation of the subroutine on every request.

[! Perl Code !]

Same as [- Perl Code -] with the exception that the code is only
executed at the first request. This could be used to define
subroutines, or do one-time initialization.

[* Perl code *]

(only version 1.2b2 or higher) EXPERIMENTAL!

This is similar to [- Perl Code -]. The main difference is, while [Perl Code -] always has its own scope, all [* Perl code *] blocks runs in the same scope. This allows you to define "local" variables with a scope of the whole page. Normally, you don't need to use local, because Embperl takes care of separate namespaces of different documents and
cleanup after the request is finished, but in special cases it's
necessary. For example, if you want to recursively call an Embperl
document via Execute.

There is a second reason to use the [* Perl code *] instead of the [Perl Code -]. If you like to use perl's control structures. Perl's if, while, for etc. can not span mulitple [- Perl Code -] blocks, but it can span multiple [* Perl Code *].

Example:

[* foreach $i (1..10) { *]

[- $a = $i + 5 -]
loop count + 5 = [+ $a +] <br>

[* } *]

The following B<won't> work:

[- foreach $i (1..10) { -]

some text here <br>

[- } -]

The same can be done with Embperl meta commands (see below)

[$ foreach $i (1..10) $]

[- $a = $i + 5 -]
loop count + 5 = [+ $a +] <br>

[$ endforeach $]

NOTE 1: [* ... *] blocks _must_ always end with a ;,{ or }

NOTE 2: [* ... *] cannot apear inside a html tag that is interpreted by Embperl (unless you disable the interpretation of such tags like table, input etc.)

NOTE 3: There are still benefits of using [- ... -] and metacommands:

- much better debugging in the log file.
- no restriction on where they can be used. You can use them

anywhere; even inside html tags that are interpreted by Embperl.

[# Some Text #] (Comments)

(only version 1.2b2 or higher)

This is a comment block. Everything between the [# and the #] will be
removed from the output.

NOTE 1: The [* ... *] blocks are interpreted before the comment block, so they are executed also inside a comment.

NOTE 2: Everything (except [* ... *]) is really removed from the source, so you can also use the [# ... #] block to take a part out of
your document.

[= =] (Internationalisation)

Defines a string which should be translated into a local language. See "Internationalisation (I18N)" for details.

[$ Cmd Arg $] (Meta-Commands)

Execute an Embperl metacommand. Cmd can be one of the following. (Arg varies depending on <Cmd>).

if, elsif, else, endif

Everything following the if metacommand until the else, elsif, or endif is only output if the Perl expression given in Arg is true. else and elsif work similarly.

Example:

[$ if $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD} eq 'GET' $]
Method was GET<BR>
[$ else $]
Method other than GET used<BR>
[$ endif $]

This will send one of the two sentences to the client, depending on the request method used to retrieve the document.

while, endwhile

Executes a loop until the Arg given to while is false.

Example: (see eg/x/loop.htm)

[- $i = 0; @k = keys %ENV -]
[$ while ($i < $#k) $]
[+ $k[$i] +] = [+ $ENV{$k[$i]} +]<BR>
[- $i++ -]
[$ endwhile $]

This will send a list of all environment variables to the client.

do, until

Executes a loop until the Arg given to until is true.

Example:

[- $i = 0 -]
[$ do $]

[+ $i++ +] <BR>

[$ until $i > 10 $]

foreach, endforeach

Executes a loop for each element of the second Arg, setting the first Arg accordingly.

Example:

[- @arr = (1, 3, 5) -]
[$ foreach $v (@arr) $]

[+ $v +] <BR>

[$ endforeach $]

next

Inside of looks same as Perl next statement. You could also use the following syntax, which allows to add an addtional condition (or
any other Perl code):

[* next if ($foo) *]

last

Inside of looks same as Perl last statement. You could also use the following syntax, which allows to add an addtional condition (or
any other Perl code):

[* last if ($foo) *]

redo

Inside of looks same as Perl redo statement. You could also use the following syntax, which allows to add an addtional condition (or
any other Perl code):

[* redo if ($foo) *]

hidden

Arg consists of zero, one or two names of hashes (with or without the leading %) and an optional array as third parameter. The
hidden metacommand will generate hidden fields for all data contained in the first hash but not in the second hash. The
default used for the first hash is %fdat, %idat is used for the
second.

If the third parameter is specified, the fields are written in the order they appear in this array. That is, all keys of the first
hash must be properly sorted in this array. This is intended for
situations where you want to pass data from one form to the next,
for example, two forms which should be filled in one after the
other. (Examples might be an input form and a second form to
review and accept the input, or a Windows-style "wizard"). Here
you can pass along data from previous forms in hidden fields. (See eg/x/neu.htm for an example.) If you use just the 'hidden' command without parameters, it simply generates hidden fields for all form fields submitted to this document which aren't already contained in another input field.

Example:

<FORM ACTION="inhalt.htm" METHOD="GET">

<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="field1">

[$ hidden $]
</FORM>

If you request this with

http://host/doc.htm?field1=A&field2=B&field3=C

the output will be

<FORM ACTION="inhalt.htm" METHOD="GET">

<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="feld1" VALUE="A">

<INPUT TYPE="HIDDEN" NAME="field2" VALUE="B">
<INPUT TYPE="HIDDEN" NAME="field3" VALUE="C">
</FORM>

"NOTE:" This should only be used for a small amount of data, since the hidden fields are sent to the browser, which sends it back with the next request. If you have a large amount of data, store it in a file with a unique name and send only the filename in a hidden
field. Be aware of the fact that the data can be changed by the
browser if the user doesn't behave exactly as you expect. Users
have a nasty habit of doing this all of the time. Your program
should be able to handle such situations properly.

var The var command declares one or more variables for use within this

Embperl document and sets the strict pragma. The variable names must be supplied as a space-separated list.

Example:

[$var $a %b @c $]

This is the same as writing the following in normal Perl code:

use strict ;
use vars qw($a %b @c) ;

NOTE 1: `use strict' within an Embperl document will only apply to the block in which it occurs.

sub (Only Embperl 1.2b5 and above)

Defines a Embperl subroutine. Example:

[$ sub foo $]

<p> Here we do something </p>

[$ endsub $]

You can call this subroutine either as a normal Perl subroutine

[- foo -]

or via the Embperl::Execute function.

[- Execute ('#foo') # short form -]
[- Execute ({ sub => 'foo'}) # long form -]

The difference is that the Execute function will reset the internal states of Embperl like they were before the subrountine call, when the subroutine returns.

You may also pass Parameters to the subroutine:

[$ sub foo $]

[- $p = shift -]
<p> Here we show the first parameter [+ $p +]</p>

[$ endsub $]

[- foo ('value') -]

In Embperl 2.0.2 and up you can use a shortcut syntax for passing
parameters:

[$ sub foo ($p) $]

<p> Here we show the first parameter [+ $p +]</p>

[$ endsub $]

This behaves the same as the example above, but in addition the
parameters defined in this way are lexcialy scoped and therefore
only available inside the subroutine.

In addtion you can define some initial Perl code for the
subroutine:

[$ sub foo ($a, $b)
my $c = $a + $b ;
$]

<p> The result is [+ $c +]</p>

[$ endsub $]

If you have a couple of commonly used subroutines you can define
then in one file and import them into the modules where they are
neccesary:

[- Execute ({ inputfile => 'mylib.htm', import => 1 }) -]

This will import all subroutines from the file mylib.htm into the current page where they could call just as a normal Perl
subroutine.

dump

Embperl 2.1.1 and above.

"dump" can be used to output the values of variables either to the output or to logfiles. The first parameter specifies the output
channel:

out Output to the page output

pre Same as "out", but suround with a <pre> tag. This is the

default, if the output parameter is omitted.

log Output to embperl log file

err Output to stderr, which normaly goes to the httpd error log.

If the output paramter is omitted, "pre" is assumed.

The following parameter can be a literal text (in quotes) or a list of variables.

Example:

[$ dump err 'dump test', %fdat $]

[$ dump %fdat, $i, @array $]

HTML Tags

Embperl recognizes the following HTML tags in a special way. All
others are simply passed through, as long as they are not part of a
Embperl command.

TABLE, /TABLE, TR, /TR

Embperl can generate dynamic tables (one- or two-dimensional). You only need to specify one row or column.

Embperl generates as many rows or columns as necessary. This is
done by using the magic variables $row, $col, and $cnt. If you
don't use $row/$col/$cnt within a table, Embperl does nothing and
simply passes the table through.

Embperl checks if any of $row, $col, or $cnt is used. Embperl
repeats all text between <table> and </table>, as long as the
expressions in which $row or $cnt occurs are defined.

Embperl repeats all text between <tr> and </tr>, as long as the
expressions in which $col or $cnt occurs are defined.

See also "$tabmode" (below) for end-of-table criteria.

Examples: (see eg/x/table.htm for more examples)

[- @k = keys %ENV -]
<TABLE>

<TR>

<TD>[+ $i=$row +]</TD>
<TD>[+ $k[$row] +]</TD>
<TD>[+ $ENV{$k[$i]} +]</TD>

</TR>

</TABLE>

This will show all entries in array @k (which contains the keys
from %ENV), so the whole environment is displayed (as in the while example), with the first column containing the zero-based index,
the second containing the content of the variable name, and the
third the environment variable's value.

This could be used to display the result of a database query if you have the result in an array. You may provide as many columns as
you need. It is also possible to call a 'fetch' subroutine in each table row.

DIR, MENU, OL, UL, DL, SELECT, /DIR, /MENU, /OL, /UL, /DL, /SELECT

Lists and dropdowns or list boxes are treated exactly as onedimensional tables. Only "$row", "$maxrow", "$col", "$maxcol" and "$tabmode" are honored. $col and $maxcol are ignored. See
eg/x/lists.htm for an example.

OPTION

Embperl checks if there is a value from the form data for a
specific option in a menu. If so, this option will be preselected.

Example:

<FORM METHOD="POST">

<P>Select Tag</P>

If you request this document with list.htm?SEL1=x
you can specify that the element which has a value
of x is initially selected

<P><SELECT NAME="SEL1">

<OPTION VALUE="[+ $v[$row] +]">

[+ $k[$row] +]

</OPTION>

</SELECT></P>

</FORM>

INPUT

The INPUT tag interacts with the hashes %idat and %fdat. If the
input tag has no value and a key exists with the same text as the
NAME attribute of the input tag, Embperl will generate a VALUE
attribute with the corresponding value of the hash key. All values of <INPUT> tags are stored in the hash %idat, with NAME as the hash key and VALUE as the hash value. Special processing is done for
TYPE=RADIO and TYPE=CHECKBOX. If the VALUE attribute contains the same text as the value of the hash the CHECKED attribute is
inserted, else it is removed.

So, if you specify, as the ACTION URL, the file which contains the form itself, the form will be redisplayed with same values as
entered the first time. (See eg/x/neu.htm for an example.)

TEXTAREA, /TEXTAREA

The "TEXTAREA" tag is treated exactly like other input fields.

META HTTP-EQUIV=

<meta http-equiv= ... > will over-ride the corresponding http
header. This keeps Netscape from asking the user to reload the
document when the content-type differs between the http header and the meta http-equiv.

This can also be used to set http headers. When running under
mod_perl http-headers can also be set by the function header_out

Example of how to set a http header:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Language" CONTENT="DE">

This is the same as using the Apache function

[- $req_rec -> header_out("Language" => "DE"); -]

A, EMBED, IMG, IFRAME, FRAME, LAYER

The output of perl blocks inside the "HREF" attribute of the "A"
Tags and the "SRC" attribute of the other Tags are URL escaped
instead of HTML escaped. (see also $escmode). Also, when inside
such a URL, Embperl expands array and hash references to URL parameter syntax. Example:

[$A = { A => 1, B => 2 } ; # Hashreference
@A = (X, 9, Y, 8, Z, 7)
-]

<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?[+ $A +]">
<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?[+ \@A +]">

is expanded by Embperl to

<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?A=1&amp;B=2">
<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?X=9&amp;Y=8&Z=7">

Variable scope and cleanup

The scope of a variable declared with my or local ends at the end of the enclosing [+/- ... -/+] block; the [+/- ... -/+] blocks act much
like Perl's { ... } in that regard.

Global variables (everything not declared with my or local) will be undef'ed at the end of each request, so you don't need to worry about
any old variables laying around and causing suspicious results. This
is only done for variables in the package the code is eval'ed in -every variable that does not have an explicit package name. All
variables with an explicit package name (i.e., in modules you use) will stay valid until the httpd child process dies. Embperl will change the current package to a unique name for every document, so the influence
between different documents is kept to a minimum. You can set the name of the package with EMBPERL_PACKAGE. (See also "(Safe-)Namespaces and opcode restrictions".)

Since a CGI script is always a process of its own, you don't need to
worry about that when you use Embperl as a CGI script.

If you need to declare variables which need to live longer than just
one HTTP request (for example, a database handle), you must either put it's name in the hash %CLEANUP or declare them in another package
(i.e., $Persistent::handle instead of $handle).

If you want to use the strict pragma, you can do this by using the var metacommand to declare your variables.

"NOTE:" Bacause Apache::DBI has its own namespace, this module will
work together with Embperl to maintain your persistent database
connection.

You can disable the automatic cleanup of global variables with
EMBPERL_OPTIONS or the cleanup parameter of the Execute function.

You can define exceptions to the cleanup rule with the hash %CLEANUP.

If you like to do your own cleanup you can define a subroutine CLEANUP in your document. This will be called right before the variables are
cleaned up, but after the connection to the client is closed.

EXAMPLE:

[! sub CLEANUP { close FH ; } !]

Predefined variables

Embperl has some special variables which have a predefined meaning.

%ENV

Contains the environment as seen from a CGI script.

$epreq

Contains a reference to the Embperl request object. This is the same as adding "$epreq = shift" at the top of each page.

$epapp

Contains a reference to the Embperl application object. This is the
same as "$epreq -" app> would return.

%fdat

Contains all the form data sent to the script by the calling form. The NAME attribute builds the key and the VALUE attribute is used as the
hash value. Embperl doesn't care if it is called with the GET or POST method, but there may be restrictions on the length of parameters using GET -- not from Embperl, but perhaps from the web server, especially if you're using Embperl's CGI mode -- it is safer to use POST.

If multiple fields with the same name are sent to a Embperl page, they will put in the same hash element and separated be tabs. You can split it up in an array, by writting:

@array = split (/\t/, $fdat{'fieldname'}) ;

Embperl also supports ENCTYPE multipart/form-data, which is used for
file uploads. The entry in %fdat corresponding to the file field will be a filehandle, as with CGI.pm. (Embperl uses CGI.pm internally to
process forms encoded with multipart/form-data.)

File upload example:

HTML page:

<FORM METHOD="POST" ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data">

<INPUT TYPE="FILE" NAME="ImageName">

</FORM>

Embperl ACTION:

[- if (defined $fdat{ImageName}) {

open FILE, "> /tmp/file.$$";
print FILE $buffer

while read($fdat{ImageName}, $buffer, 32768);

close FILE;

}

-]

When you have installed CGI.pm 2.46 or above, you may also retrieve the filename (local filename, as it was on the browser side) and the
information provided by the CGI.pm uploadInfo function. To get the
filename, simply print out the value of the corresponding %fdat entry, instead of using it as a filehandle. To get the uploadInfo use the fieldname with a dash in front of it:

Example:

# ImageName is the NAME of the field, you must replace it with whatever # name is given in your HTML code
Filename: [+ $fdat{ImageName} +] <br>
Content-Type: [+ $fdat{-ImageName} -> {'Content-Type'} +] <br>

NOTE: The way uploadInfos are accessed before 1.2b11 is not supported anymore.

NOTE: This works the other way as well: any input fields with names that are %fdat keys, and without values, will have their values
automatically set to the appropriate %fdat value. See "HTML Tags"
"INPUT/OPTION/TEXTAREA".

@ffld

Contains all the field names in the order in which they were sent by
the browser. This is normally -- but not necessarily -- the order in
which they appear in your form.

%idat

Contains all the values from all input tags processed so far.

%udat (only 1.2b1 or higher)

You can use %udat to store per user data. As long as you don't use %udat, nothing happens, but as soon as you write anything to %udat,
Embperl creates a session id and sends it via a cookie to the browser. The data you have written to %udat is stored by Apache::Session. The
next time the same user request an Embperl page, the browser sends the cookie with the session id back and Embperl fills the %udat hash from
Apache::Session with the same values as you have stored for that user. (See also "Session handling")

%mdat (only 1.2b2 or higher)

You can use %mdat to store per module/page data. As long as you don't use %mdat, nothing happens, but as soon as you write anything to %mdat, Embperl creates a session id and stores the data via Apache::Session.
The next time any user hits the same Embperl page, Embperl fill the
%mdat hash from Apache::Session with the same values as you have stored within the last request to that page. (See also "Session handling")

$row, $col

Row and column counts for use in dynamic tables. (See "HTML tag
table".)

$maxrow, $maxcol

Maximum number of rows or columns to display in a table. To prevent
endless loops, $maxrow defaults to 100 and $maxcol to 10. (See "HTML
tag table".)

$cnt

Contains the number of table cells displayed so far. (See "HTML tag
table".)

$tabmode

Determines how the end of a dynamic table is detected. Tables are
always limited to the size specified in $maxrow and $maxcol, but can be ended early when the row ($row) and column ($col) variables become
undefined. $tabmode operates as follows:

$tabmode = 1

End table looping when any one of the expressions in the table row using $row returns undefined. The row containing the undefined
expression is not displayed. Only those expressions are observed which contain an access to the variable $row.

$tabmode = 2

End when an expression with $row becomes undefined. The row
containing the undefined expression is displayed.

$tabmode = 4

End when $maxrow rows have been displayed.

end of row

$tabmode = 16

End table column looping when any one of the expressions in the
table column using $col returns undefined. The column containing
the undefined expression is not displayed. Only those expressions are observed which contain an access to the variable $col.

$tabmode = 32

End when an expression with $col becomes undefined. The column
containing the undefined expression is displayed.

$tabmode = 64

End when $maxcol columns have been displayed.

The default is 17, which is correct for all sort of arrays. You should rarely need to change it. The two values can be added together.

$escmode

Turn HTML and URL escaping on and off. The default is on ($escmode =
3).

NOTE: Normaly you can disable escaping by preceeding the item that normaly is escaped with a backslash. While this is a handy thing, it
could be very dangerous in situations, where content that is inserted
by some user is redisplayed, because they can enter arbitary HTML and
preceed them with a backslash to avoid correct escaping when their
input is redisplayed again. To avoid this problem, add 4 to the values below. This will cause Embperl to ignore the backslash when it does
output escaping at all. (only 1.3b4 and above)

NOTE 2: If you want to output binary data, you must set the escmode to zero. (only 1.3b6 and above)

$escmode = 8 (or 15) (2.0b4 and above)

The result of a Perl expression is always XML-escaped (e.g., `>'
becomes `&gt;' and ' become &apos;).

$escmode = 3 (or 7)

The result of a Perl expression is HTML-escaped (e.g., `>' becomes `&gt;') in normal text and URL-escaped (e.g., `&' becomes `%26')
within of "A", "EMBED", "IMG", "IFRAME", "FRAME" and "LAYER" tags.

$escmode = 2 (or 6)

The result of a Perl expression is always URL-escaped (e.g., `&'
becomes `%26').

$escmode = 1 (or 5)

The result of a Perl expression is always HTML-escaped (e.g., `>'
becomes `&gt;').

$escmode = 0

No escaping takes place.

SEE ALSO: Configuration directive EMBPERL_INPUT_ESCMODE (was optRawInput in Embperl 1.3.x)

$req_rec

This variable is only available when running under control of mod_perl. It contains the request record needed to access the Apache server API. See perldoc Apache for more information.

LOG

This is the filehandle of the Embperl logfile. By writing `print LOG
"something"' you can add lines to the logfile. NOTE: The logfile line should always start with the pid of the current process and continue
with a four-character signature delimited by a ':', which specifies the log reason.

Example: print LOG "[$$]ABCD: your text\n" ;

If you are writing a module for use under Embperl you can say

tie *LOG, 'Embperl::Log';

to get a handle by which you can write to the Embperl logfile.

OUT

This filehandle is tied to Embperl's output stream. Printing to it has the same effect as using the [+ ... +] block. (See also
optRedirectStdout)

@param

Will be setup by the 'param' parameter of the Execute function. Could be used to pass parameters to an Embperl document and back. (see
Execute for further docs)

%http_headers_out (only 1.2b10 and above)

You can put any http headers you want to send into this hash.

If you set a location header, Embperl will automaticly set the status
to 301 (Redirect). Example:

[- $http_headers_out{'Location'} = "http://www.ecos.de/embperl/" -]

however, it is possible to specify a two element array for Location,
the second element of which gives the desired HTTP status:

[- $http_headers_out{Location} = [ "http://www.ecos.de/embperl/", 303 ]; -]

Starting with version 1.3.2 all headers with the exception of "ContentType" can take multiple values. For instance, if you wanted to set two cookies, you can proceed as follows:

[- $http_headers_out{'Set-Cookie'} =

['name=cook1;value=2;','name=cook2;value=b'] ; -]

If you supply multiple values for "Location" or "Content-Type" via an
array reference, then Embperl will simply use the first in the list.
Empty arrays will be ignored. For instance, the following will neither change the status to 301 nor create a Location: line in the HTTP
headers:

[- $http_headers_out{'Location'} = [] ; -]

see also META HTTP-EQUIV=

$optXXX $dbgXXX

All options (see "EMBPERL_OPTIONS") and all debugging flags (see
"EMBPERL_DEBUG") can be read and most of them can be set by the
corresponding variables. See "perldoc Config".

Example:

[- $dbgInput = 1 -]

[- $dbgInput = 0 -]

[+ $dbgCmd +] # Output the state of the dbgCmd flag

%CLEANUP

Embperl cleanups up only variables with are defined within the Embperl page. If you want Embperl to cleanup additional variables you can add
them to the hash %CLEANUP, with the key set to the variable name and
the value set to one. The other way you could prevent Embperl from
cleaning up some variables, is by adding them to this hash, with values of zero.

%CLEANUPFILE (1.2b6+)

Same purpose as %CLEANUP, but you may add filenames. All variables
defined inside that file will be cleaned up.

Session handling

From 1.2b1 and higher Embperl is able to handle per user sessions for
you. You can store any data in the %udat hash and if the same user
requests an Embperl document again, you will see the same values in
that hash again.

From 1.2b2 and higher Embperl is able to handle per module/page
persistent data for you. You can store any data in the %mdat hash and
if any request comes to the same Embperl document, you will see the
same values in that hash again.

Session handling has changed from 1.3.3 to 1.3.4 and 2.0b3 to 2.0b4.
You must either install Apache::SessionX or set

PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_HANDLER_CLASS "Embperl::Session"

to get the old behaviour. If you have Apache::SessionX installed, you
don't have to make addtional configuration, otherwise you must do the
following things. You are also able to override the Apache::SessionX
defaults, by using the following parameters:

To configure Embperl to do session management for you, you must have installed Apache::Session (1.53 or higher) and tell Embperl which storage and locker classes you would like to use for Apache::Session. This is done by setting the environment variable
"EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES". If you want to use a MySQL database for
storing your sessions, you may have a startup.pl for your httpd which looks like this:

BEGIN

{
$ENV{EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES} = "MySQL Semaphore" ;
$ENV{EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS} = "DataSource=dbi:mysql:session UserName=test" ;
} ;

use Embperl ;

or you may put this in the httpd/srm.conf:

PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES "MySQL Semaphore"
PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS "DataSource=dbi:mysql:session UserName=test" PerlModule Embperl ;

Refer to the Apache::Session docs (e.g. Apache::Session::Store::MySQL) on how to setup your database tables.

"EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS" is a space separated list of name/value pairs,
which gives additional arguments for Apache::Session classes.

Here is an example for using a filesystem based storage:

PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES "File Semaphore" PerlSetEnv
EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS "Directory=/path/to/your/sessions"

Refer to the Apache::Session docs to find out which other storage/locker methods are available.

"EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES" can (optionally) take two more classnames,
which specify

the class for serialization (Default: "Storable") and for generating

the id (Default: "MD5").

NOTE: The above configuration works only with Apache::Session 1.52 and Embperl 1.3b5 or above. Older versions of Embperl only support Apache::Session 1.0x, which has different parameters for "EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES" (e.g. "$ENV{EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES} =
"DBIStore SysVSemaphoreLocker" ; ") Apache::Session 1.0x still works with this Embperl version.

Now you are able to use the %udat and %mdat hashes for your user/module sessions. As long as you don't touch %udat or %mdat, Embperl will not
create any session, and Apache::Session is not loaded. As soon as you
store any value to %udat, Embperl will create a new session and send a cookie to the browser to maintain its id, while the data is stored by
Apache::Session. (Further version may also be able to use URL rewriting for storing the id). When you modify %mdat, Embperl will store the
data via Apache::Session and retrieve it when the next request comes to the same page.

Functions/Methods for session handling Embperl::Req::SetupSession ($req_rec, $uid, $sid, $app_param) [1.3b6+]

This can be used from a script that will later call Embperl::Execute to preset the session so it's available to the calling script.

$req_rec

Apache request record when running under mod_perl, "undef"
otherwise.

$uid

Session ID of the user session. If not given it is taken from the
session cookie or out of the query_string.

$sid

Session ID of the state session. If not given it is taken out of
the query_string.

$app_param

SetupSession tries to figure out the correct Application object for this request, in case this is not possible you can pass parameters for the Application object as a hash ref. To pass the name of the
application object to use, try to pass:

{ appname => 'myappname' }

Returns a reference to %udat or, if call in an array context, a
reference to %udat %mdat and %sdat. See also "CleanupSession".

Embperl::Req::GetSession / $r -> GetSession [1.3b6+]

Returns a reference to %udat or, if called in an array context, a
reference to %udat and %mdat. This could be used by modules that are
called from inside an Embperl page, where the session management is
already setup. If called as a method $r must be a Embperl::Req object, which is passed as first parameter to every Embperl page in @_ .

Embperl::Req::CleanupSession ($req_rec, $app_param) [1.3b6+]

Must be called at the end of a script by scripts that use
"SetupSession", but do not call Embperl::Execute.

$req_rec

Apache request record when running under mod_perl, "undef"
otherwise.

$app_param

CleanupSession tries to figure out the correct Application object
for this request, in case this is not possible you can pass
parameters for the Application object as a hash ref. To pass the
name of the application object to use, try to pass:

{ appname => 'myappname' }

Embperl::Req::DeleteSession / $r -> DeleteSession [1.3b6+]

Deletes the session data and removes the cookie from the browser. If
called as a method $r must be a Embperl::Req object, which is passed as first parameter to every Embperl page in @_ .

Embperl::Req::RefreshSession / $r -> RefreshSession [1.3b6+]

Triggers a resend of the cookie. Normaly the cookie is only send the
first time. If called as a method $r must be a Embperl::Req object,
which is passed as first parameter to every Embperl page in @_ .

Embperl::Req::SetSessionCookie ($req_rec, $app_param) [1.3b7+]

Must be called by scripts that use "SetupSession", but do not call
Embperl::Execute. This is neccessary to set the cookie for the user
session id, in case a new session is created, which is normaly done by Embperl::Execute.

SetSessionCookie does only set the cookie for the user session and it
works only when running under mod_perl. It does not set session id if no cookies are used. Also it does not care about the state session.

$req_rec

Apache request record when running under mod_perl, "undef"
otherwise.

$app_param

SetupSessionCookie tries to figure out the correct Application
object for this request, in case this is not possible you can pass parameters for the Application object as a hash ref. To pass the
name of the application object to use, try to pass:

{ appname => 'myappname' }

Recipes

Starting with 2.0b4 Embperl introduces the concept of recipes. A recipe basically tells Embperl how a component should be build. While before
2.0b4 you could have only one processor that works on the request (the Embperl processor - you're also able to define different syntaxes), now you can have multiple of them arranged in a pipeline or even a tree.
While you are able to give the full recipe when calling Execute, this
is not very convenient, so normally you will only give the name of a
recipe, either as parameter 'recipe' to Execute or as EMBPERL_RECIPE in your httpd.conf. Of course you can have different recipes for different locations and/or files. A recipe is constructed out of providers. A
provider can either be read from some source or do some processing on a source. There is no restriction on what sort of data a provider has as in- and output - you just have to make sure that output format of a
provider matches the input format of the next provider. In the current implementation Embperl comes with a set of built-in providers:

file

read file data

memory

get data from a scalar

epparse

parse file into a Embperl tree structure

epcompile

compile Embperl tree structure

eprun

execute Embperl tree structure

eptostring

convert Embperl tree structure to string

libxslt-parse-xml

parse xml source for libxslt

libxslt-compile-xsl

parse and compile stylesheet for libxslt

libxslt

do an xsl transformation via libxslt

xalan-parse-xml

parse xml source for xalan

xalan-compile-xsl

parse and compile stylesheet for xalan

xalan

do an xsl transformation via xalan

There is a C interface, so new custom providers can be written, but
what makes it really useful is that the next release of Embperl will
contain a Perl interface, so you can write your own providers in Perl.

The default recipe is named Embperl and contains the following
providers:

+-----------+
+ file +
+-----------+

|
v

+-----------+
+ epparse +
+-----------+

|
v

+-----------+
+ epcompile +
+-----------+

|
v

+-----------+
+ eprun +
+-----------+

This cause Embperl to behave like it has done in the past, when no
recipes existed.

Each intermediate result could be cached. So for example you are able
to cache the already parsed XML or compiled stylesheet in memory,
without the need to reparse/recompile it over and over again.

Another nice thing about recipes is that they are not static. A recipe is defined by a recipe object. When a request comes in, Embperl calls
the get_recipe method of teh application object, which by default calls the get_recipe of the named recipe object, which should return a array that describes what Embperl has to do. The get_recipe methods can of
course build the array dynamically, looking, for example, at the
request parameters like filename, formvalues, mime type or whatever.
For example if you give a scalar as input the Embperl recipe replaces
the file provider with a memory provider. Additionally you can specify more then one recipe (separated by spaces). Embperl will call all the
new methods in turn until the first one that returns undef. This way
you can create recipes that are known for what they are responsible.
One possibility would be to check the file extension and only return
the recipe if it matches. Much more sophisticated things are
possible...

See perldoc Embperl::Recipe for how to create your own provider.

XML, XSLT

As mentioned above, Embperl now contains a provider for doing XSLT
transformations. More XML will come in the next releases. The easiest thing is to use the XSLT stuff thru the predefined recipes:

EmbperlLibXSLT

the result of Embperl will run thru the Gone libxslt

EmbperlXalanXSLT

the result of Embperl will run thru Xalan-C

EmbperlXSLT

the result of Embperl will run thru the XSL transformer given by
xsltproc or EMBPERL_XSLTPROC

LibXSLT

run source thru the Gone libxslt

XalanXSLT

run source thru Xalan-C

XSLT

run source thru the XSL transformer given by xsltproc or

EMBPERL_XSLTPROC

For example, including the result of an XSLT transformation into your
html page could look like this:

<html><head><title>Include XML via XSLT</title></head>
<body>

<h1>Start xml</h1>
[- Execute ({inputfile => 'foo.xml', recipe => 'EmbperlXalanXSLT', xsltstylesheet => 'foo.xsl'}) ; -] <h1>END</h1>

</body>
</html>

As you already guessed, the xsltstylesheet parameter gives the name of the xsl file. You can also use the EMBPERL_XSLTSTYLESHEET configuration directive to set it from your configuration file.

By setting EMBPERL_ESCMODE (or $escmode) to 15 you get the correct
escaping for XML.

Form Validation

Embperl comes with the ability to validate form data. Rules can be
defined how the data from forms should be validated. This done by the
module Embperl::Form::Validate. This module is able to do client side verification by generation JavaScript code and server side verification by providing a Perl method to validate the data.
Embperl::Form::Validate comes with a lot of standard tests and you can extent it by providing your own test classes, which can inherit from
the shiped test classes.

For further details see perldoc Embperl::Form::Validate.

Caching

Embperl caches a lot of intermediate results by default to speed up
generation of pages. (For example compiled Perl code and compiled XSLT templates)

With Embperl is also possible to cache the output of pages or
components. This is controlled by parameters passed to the providers
via recipes or as configuration directives inside the page, passed to
Execute or in your httpd.conf.

See Emperl_Cache_* and Embperl_Expires_* in Config.pod.

Internationalisation (I18N)

Starting with 2.0b6 Embperl has buildin support for multi-language
applications. There are two things to do. First inside your pages
marks which parts are translateable, by using the [= =]. Inside the [= =] blocks you could either put id, which are symbolic names for the
text, or you put the text in your primary lanaguage inside the blocks. An example code could look like:

[= heading =]

<input name="foo" value="[=bar=]" type="submit">

Now you run the embpmsgid.pl utility, which extracts all the ids from
your page:

perl embpmsgid.pl -l de -l en -d msg.pl foo.htm

This will create a file msg.pl which contains empty definitions for
'en' and 'de' with all the ids found in the page. If the file msg.pl
already exists, the definitions are added. You can give more then one
filename to the commandline. The format of the msg.pl file is written
with Data::Dumper, so it can be easily read in via 'do' and
postprocessed. As next step fill the empty definition with the correct translation. The last thing to do, is tell Embperl which language set to use. You do this inside the init method of the application object.
Create an application object, which reads in the message and when the
init method is called, pass the correct one to Embperl. There are tow methods $r -> message and $r -> default_message. Both returns a array
ref on which you can push your message hashs. Embperl consults first
the message array and if not found afterwards the default_message array for the correct message. Because both are arrays you can push multiple message sets on it. This is handy when your application object calls
it's base class, which also may define some messages. Starting with
version 2.3.0 it is also possible, to add a code ref instead of a hash ref to the arrays. The code is than called with the key as argument and must return the translated text.

Here is an example:

package My::App ;

@ISA = ('Embperl::App') ;

%messages =

(
'de' =>

{
'heading' => '\[:U]berschrift',
'bar' => 'Absenden',
},

'en' =>

{
'heading' => 'Heading',
'bar' => 'Submit',
},

) ;

sub init

{
my $self = shift ;
my $r = $self -> curr_req ;

$lang = $r -> param -> language || 'de' ;
push @{$r -> messages}, $messages{$lang} ;
push @{$r -> default_messages}, $messages{'en'} if ($lang ne 'en') ;
}

# Code ref works too...
@{$r -> messages} = (\&ecos::I18L::translate::gettext) ;

# and gettext is defined as
sub gettext

{
my ($key) = @_ ;

return "translated text" ;
}

1 ;

Just load this package and set EMBPERL_APP_HANDLER_CLASS to My::App,
then Embperl will call the init method on the start of the request.

If you are using Embperl::Object, you may instead save it as a file in your document hiearchie make the filename know to Embperl::Object with the EMBPERL_OBJECT_APP directive and Embperl::Object will retrieve the correct application file, just in the same way it retrieves other
files.

NOTE: When using with Embperl::Object, don't make a package declaration at the top of your application object, Embperl::Object assign it's own namespace to the application object.

In case you need to retrieve a text inside your Perl code, you can do
this with $r -> gettext('bar')

Encoding/UTF-8

Requires Embperl 2.1.0 and up.

Embperl tries to do the right thing to handle ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8 out of the box. There are three places where encoding comes into places:

Posted form data
Output escaping
Source code

While the first two things are handled by Embperl itself, the third
item is currently left to handle by Perl.

Perl carries for each string value a flag that tells if the string is
UTF-8 or not. Embperl uses this flag.

Posted form data is examined. If a string contains valid UTF-8
characters Perl's internal UTF-8 flag is set. You can disable setting
the UTF-8 flag by setting "optFormDataNoUtf8" in "EMBPERL_OPTIONS".

Output escaping is done based on the UTF-8 flag. In case the UTF-8
flags is set characters above 127 are not escaped. To get the correct
appearance in your browser you also have to specify the encoding as
UTF-8 in your content-type http header.

If the UTF-8 flag is not set the output escaping is done based on the
setting of "EMBPERL_OUTPUT_ESC_CHARSET", which defaults to ISO-8859-1
(latin1). ISO-8859-2 (latin2) is also selectable.

If you wish to have your Perl source code in UTF-8, you have to add a
"use utf8;" at the top of each page.

Please note that not all modules sets Perl's internal UTF-8 flag
correctly. At the time of this writing for example DBI and Net::LDAP
does not set this flag. You have to correct it manualy, for example by using "Encode::_utf8_on".

Error trapping

When an error occurs inside an Embperl page, Embperl will display an
error page, containing the error message.

Sometimes you want to have a different behaviour. One possibility is to let Apache display a custom error page (of course only when you run
under mod_perl).

To get this working you need to set the option "optReturnError"
(262144) in your httpd.conf in the "EMBPERL_OPTIONS" directive.

With this option set, Embperl sends no output in case of an error. It returns the error back to Apache or the calling program. When running
under mod_perl this gives you the chance to use the Apache
ErrorDocument directive to show a custom error-document. Inside the ErrorDocument you can retrieve the error messages with

$errors = $req_rec -> prev -> pnotes('EMBPERL_ERRORS') ;

where $errors is a array reference.

If you want to trap exceptions in a Embperl document, that you call via Execute, you can do this by passing an array to Execute, which receives all error/warning messages and/or all error objects.

[Execute ({inputfile => 'foo.epl', errors => \@errors}) ;
-]

[$if @errors$]

The following errors had occured:<br>
[$foreach $err (@errors)$]

[+ $err +]<br>

[$endforeach$]

[$endif$]

In case you call "die" inside the executed page and pass an object (or a reference) to "die" instead of a string this will also show up in
@errors. The last object passed to "die" is also available via "$epreq -" errobj>.

"$epreq -" error> can be used to test if an error occured so far during the current request. You can also set "$epreq -" error> to false to
reset Embperl's internal error condition.

If the option "optReturnError" or an error array is passed to a
component the error flag is reset after the execution of component.

If an error array is passed to a component, the errors inside the
component are not added to the overall errors of the request and
therefore will not cause Embperl to display an error page.

An more seldom used option is "optDisableEmbperlErrorPage" (2), which
tells tells Embperl not to send its own errorpage in case of failure,
but instead show as much of the page as possible. Errors are only
logged to the log file.

Utility Functions

MailFormTo($MailTo, $Subject, $ReturnField)

Sends the content of the hash %fdat in the order specified by @ffld to the given $MailTo addressee, with a subject of $Subject. If you specify $ReturnField the value of that formfield will be used as
Return-Path. Usually, this will be the field where the user enters his e-mail address in the form.

If you specifiy the following example code as the action in your form

<FORM ACTION="x/feedback.htm" METHOD="POST"

ENCTYPE="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">

The content of the form will be mailed to the given e-mail address.

MailFormTo uses "EMBPERL_MAILHOST" as SMTP server or localhost if non given.

Example:

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Feedback</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>

[- MailFormTo('webmaster@domain.xy',

'Mail from WWW Form', 'email') -]

Your data has been successfully sent!

</BODY>
</HTML>

This will send an email with all the form fields to
webmaster@domain.xy, with the Subject 'Mail from WWW Form' and will set the Return-Path of the mail to the address which was entered in the
field with the name 'email'.

NOTE: You must have Net::SMTP (from the libnet package) installed to use this function.

exit

exit will override the normal Perl exit in every Embperl document. Calling exit will immediately stop any further processing of that file and send the already-done work to the output/browser.

NOTE 1: If you are inside of an Execute, Embperl will only exit this Execute, but the file which called the file containing the exit with
Execute will continue.

NOTE 2: If you called exit with an argument it exits the whole request e.g. exit (200).

NOTE 3: If you write a module which should work with Embperl under mod_perl, you must use Apache::exit instead of the normal Perl exit (as always when running under mod_perl).

Performance

To get the best performace from Embperl, it is necessary to restrict
logging to a minimum. You can drastically slow down Embperl if you
enable all logging options. (This is why `make test' takes a while to run.) You should never enable dbgFlushOutput or dbgFlushLog

in a production environment. More debugging options are useful for

development where it doesn't matter if the request takes a little bit
longer, but on a heavily-loaded server they should be disabled.

Preloading of page can save memory, because preloaded page can be
shared between child processes. See "perldoc Config" for more details.

Also take a look at mod_perl_tuning.pod for general ideas about performance.

Bugs

None known.

Under perl5.004 there are memory leaks. This is not an Embperl bug,
but can cause your httpd to grow endlessly when running under mod_perl. Please upgrade to perl5.004_04 to fix this. You should also upgrade to a mod_perl version higher than 1.07_01 as soon as possible, because
until 1.07_01 there is a memory leak in Apache->push_handler.

Compatibility

I have tested Embperl successfully

on Linux 2.x with

perl5.004_04
perl5.005_03
perl5.6.0
perl5.6.1
perl5.8.5
apache_1.3.0 - apache_1.3.31, apache 2.0.50
apache_ssl (Ben SSL)
Stronghold 2.2
Stronghold 2.4.1
Apache_1.3.x with mod_ssl 2.x.x

I know from other people that it works on many other UNIX systems

on Windows NT 4.0 with

perl5.004_04
perl5.005
perl5.6.1
perl5.8.x
apache_1.3.0 - apache_1.3.31

on Windows 95/98 with

perl5.004_02 (binary distribution, only Offline Mode)
perl5.005_02 + apache_1.3.6

Support

Feedback and Bug Reports

Please let me know if you use or test this module. Bugs, questions,
suggestions for things you would find useful, etc., are discussed on
the Embperl mailing list. If you have a site that is using Embperl, I
would love to mention it in list of sites using Embperl. Please drop me a mail with a short description, if your site uses Embperl.

The Embperl mailing list (embperl@perl.apache.org) is available for
Embperl users and developers to share ideas, solve problems and discuss things related to Embperl To subscribe to this list, send mail to
embperl-subscribe@perl.apache.org. To unsubscribe send email to
embperl-unsubscribe@perl.apache.org .

There is an archive for the Embperl mailing list at
http://www.ecos.de/~mailarc/embperl/

For mod_perl related questions you may search the mod_perl mailing list archive at http://forum.swarthmore.edu/epigone/modperl

Commerical Support

You can get free support on the Embperl mailing list (see above). If
you need commercial support, ecos can provide it for you. We offer:

o Consulting and assitance for you and your programmers

o Planning of your dynamic website

o Creating of parts or a whole website

o Fixing bugs in Embperl (also available for mod_perl)

o Adding new features

You can reach us via http://www.ecos.de or info@ecos.de

How to Support the Developement of Embperl

If you use and like Embperl and want to support it's ongoing
developement you have two possibilities:

1. Send me patches for things you like to see in Embperl

2. Donate money to Embperl. See http://perl.apache.org/donate.htm

3. Buy commercial support (see above). Also you may get the same answers to your questions on the mailing list, by buying the
commercial support you not only buy support for yourself and can be sure you get an answer, you also give us the possibility to put
more power in the further developement of Embperl.

Links and Download

Information

mod_perl http://perl.apache.org/

Embperl http://perl.apache.org/embperl/

Embperl (german) http://www.ecos.de/embperl/

DBIx::Recordset ftp://ftp.dev.ecos.de/pub/perl/dbi

Apache web server http://www.apache.org/

Download
mod_perl http://perl.apache.org/dist/

Apache Perl Modules
http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/Apache/

Embperl ftp://ftp.dev.ecos.de/pub/perl/embperl

DBIx::Recordset ftp://ftp.dev.ecos.de/pub/perl/dbi

PPM for ActiveState

- Perl 5.6.x http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppmpackages/

- Perl 5.8.x http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppms

Informations on how to install Embperl can be found in INSTALL.pod

SVN
The latest developments are available via SVN. Look at "perldoc
SVN.pod" for a detailed description.

Syntaxmodes for various editors

Emacs

From: Erik Arneson [erik@mind.net]

Here's the amount of documentation I've got right now.

They need to get mmm.el from this URL: http://mmm-mode.sourceforge.net/

Then download my mmm-embperl.el from this one:
http://www.aarg.net/erik/mmm-embperl.el

The documentation for using these is included in those two elisp files.

VIM
Vim Syntaxfile for Vim 5.x & 6.x from Lukas Zapletal with syntax
highliting for JavaScript, VBScript, Perl+Embperl, CSS and HTML, yellow background for Perl`s code (like M$ Interdev) and working Perl folding can be found at http://vim.sourceforge.net/script.php?script_id=61

Vim Syntaxfile from Steve Willer can be found at
http://www.interlog.com/~willer/embperl.vim

Vim Syntaxfile from Kee Hinckley can be found at
http://www.somewhere.com/software/

Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver extension which tells Dreamweaver not to touch Embperl code can be found at http://www.somewhere.com/software/

AUTHOR

G. Richter (richter@dev.ecos.de)

SEE ALSO

perl(1), mod_perl, Apache httpd

perl v5.10.1 2009-10-15 Embperl(3pm)