nsswitch.conf(5)
NAME
nsswitch.conf - System Databases and Name Service Switch configuration
file
DESCRIPTION
Various functions in the C Library need to be configured to work correctly in the local environment. Traditionally, this was done by using
files (e.g., /etc/passwd), but other nameservices (like the Network
Information Service (NIS) and the Domain Name Service (DNS)) became
popular, and were hacked into the C library, usually with a fixed
search order.
The Linux libc5 with NYS support and the GNU C Library 2.x (libc.so.6)
contain a cleaner solution of this problem. It is designed after a
method used by Sun Microsystems in the C library of Solaris 2. We follow their name and call this scheme "Name Service Switch" (NSS). The
sources for the "databases" and their lookup order are specified in the
/etc/nsswitch.conf file.
The following databases are available in the NSS:
- aliases
- Mail aliases, used by sendmail(8). Presently ignored.
- ethers Ethernet numbers.
- group Groups of users, used by getgrent(3) functions.
- hosts Host names and numbers, used by gethostbyname(3) and similar
- functions.
- netgroup
- Network wide list of hosts and users, used for access rules. C libraries before glibc 2.1 only support netgroups over NIS.
- networks
- Network names and numbers, used by getnetent(3) functions.
- passwd User passwords, used by getpwent(3) functions.
- protocols
- Network protocols, used by getprotoent(3) functions.
- publickey
- Public and secret keys for Secure_RPC used by NFS and NIS+.
- rpc Remote procedure call names and numbers, used by getrpcbyname(3)
- and similar functions.
- services
- Network services, used by getservent(3) functions.
- shadow Shadow user passwords, used by getspnam(3).
- An example /etc/nsswitch.conf (namely, the default used when /etc/nsswitch.conf is missing):
- passwd: compat
group: compat
shadow: compat - hosts: dns [!UNAVAIL=return] files
networks: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files
ethers: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files
protocols: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files
rpc: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files
services: nis [NOTFOUND=return] files - The first column is the database. The rest of the line specifies how the lookup process works. You can specify the way it works for each database individually.
- The configuration specification for each database can contain two different items:
* The service specification like `files', `db', or `nis'.
* The reaction on lookup result like `[NOTFOUND=return]'. - For libc5 with NYS, the allowed service specifications are `files', `nis', and `nisplus'. For hosts, you could specify `dns' as extra service, for passwd and group `compat', but not for shadow.
- For glibc, you must have a file called /lib/libnss_SERVICE.so.X for every SERVICE you are using. On a standard installation, you could use `files', `db', `nis', and `nisplus'. For hosts, you could specify `dns' as extra service, for passwd, group, and shadow `compat'. These services will not be used by libc5 with NYS. The version number X is 1 for glibc 2.0 and 2 for glibc 2.1.
- The second item in the specification gives the user much finer control on the lookup process. Action items are placed between two service names and are written within brackets. The general form is
- `[' ( `!'? STATUS `=' ACTION )+ `]'
- where
- STATUS => success | notfound | unavail | tryagain
ACTION => return | continue - The case of the keywords is insignificant. The STATUS values are the results of a call to a lookup function of a specific service. They mean:
- success
- No error occurred and the wanted entry is returned. The default action for this is `return'.
- notfound
- The lookup process works ok but the needed value was not found. The default action is `continue'.
- unavail
- The service is permanently unavailable. This can either mean the needed file is not available, or, for DNS, the server is not available or does not allow queries. The default action is `continue'.
- tryagain
- The service is temporarily unavailable. This could mean a file is locked or a server currently cannot accept more connections. The default action is `continue'.
- Interaction with +/- syntax (compat mode)
- Linux libc5 without NYS does not have the name service switch but does allow the user some policy control. In /etc/passwd you could have entries of the form +user or +@netgroup (include the specified user from the NIS passwd map), -user or -@netgroup (exclude the specified user), and + (include every user, except the excluded ones, from the NIS passwd map).
- You can override certain passwd fields for a particular user from the NIS passwd map by using the extended form of +user:::::: in /etc/passwd. Non-empty fields override information in the NIS passwd map.
- Since most people only put a + at the end of /etc/passwd to include everything from NIS, the switch provides a faster alternative for this case (`passwd: files nis') which doesn't require the single + entry in /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow. If this is not sufficient, the NSS `compat' service provides full +/- semantics. By default, the source is `nis', but this may be overridden by specifying `nisplus' as source for the pseudo-databases passwd_compat, group_compat and shadow_compat. These pseudo-databases are only available in GNU C Library.
FILES
A service named SERVICE is implemented by a shared object library named libnss_SERVICE.so.X that resides in /lib.
/etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file /lib/libnss_compat.so.X implements `compat' source for glibc2 /lib/libnss_db.so.X implements `db' source for glibc2 /lib/libnss_dns.so.X implements `dns' source for glibc2 /lib/libnss_files.so.X implements `files' source for glibc2 /lib/libnss_hesiod.so.X implements `hesiod' source for glibc2 /lib/libnss_nis.so.X implements `nis' source for glibc2 /lib/libnss_nisplus.so.2 implements `nisplus' source for glibc 2.1
NOTES
Within each process that uses nsswitch.conf, the entire file is read
only once; if the file is later changed, the process will continue
using the old configuration.
With Solaris, it isn't possible to link programs using the NSS Service
statically. With Linux, this is no problem.
On a Debian system other mail transport agents may or may not ignore
the aliases file. For example, unlike sendmail Exim does not ignore
it.
COLOPHON
- This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.