APT-GET(8)

NAME

apt-get - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface

SYNOPSIS

apt-get [-sqdyfmubV] [-o= config_string ] [-c= config_file ]
        [-t= target_release] {update | upgrade | dselect-upgrade |
        dist-upgrade |
        install pkg [ { =pkg_version_number | /target_release } ] ...
        | remove pkg...  | purge pkg...  |
        source pkg [ { =pkg_version_number | /target_release } ] ...  |
        build-dep pkg...  | check | clean | autoclean | autoremove |
        {-v | --version} | {-h | --help}}

DESCRIPTION

apt-get is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be considered the user's "back-end" to other tools using the APT library. Several "front-end" interfaces exist, such as dselect(1), aptitude(8), synaptic(8) and wajig(1).

Unless the -h, or --help option is given, one of the commands below must be present.

update: update is used to resynchronize the package index files from their sources. The indexes of available packages are fetched from the
location(s) specified in /etc/apt/sources.list. For example, when
using a Debian archive, this command retrieves and scans the
Packages.gz files, so that information about new and updated
packages is available. An update should always be performed before an upgrade or dist-upgrade. Please be aware that the overall
progress meter will be incorrect as the size of the package files
cannot be known in advance.
upgrade: upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages
currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in
/etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new
versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no
circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of
currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without
changing the install status of another package will be left at
their current version. An update must be performed first so that
apt-get knows that new versions of packages are available.
dselect-upgrade: dselect-upgrade is used in conjunction with the traditional Debian packaging front-end, dselect(1). dselect-upgrade follows the changes made by dselect(1) to the Status field of available packages, and performs the actions necessary to realize that state (for instance, the removal of old and the installation of new
packages).
dist-upgrade: dist-upgrade in addition to performing the function of upgrade,
also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the
expense of less important ones if necessary. So, dist-upgrade
command may remove some packages. The /etc/apt/sources.list file
contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package files. See also apt_preferences(5) for a mechanism for overriding the general settings for individual packages.
install: install is followed by one or more packages desired for
installation or upgrading. Each package is a package name, not a
fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian GNU/Linux
system, libc6 would be the argument provided, not
libc6_1.9.6-2.deb). All packages required by the package(s)
specified for installation will also be retrieved and installed.
The /etc/apt/sources.list file is used to locate the desired
packages. If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with no
intervening space), the identified package will be removed if it is installed. Similarly a plus sign can be used to designate a package to install. These latter features may be used to override decisions made by apt-get's conflict resolution system.; A specific version of a package can be selected for installation by following the package name with an equals and the version of the
package to select. This will cause that version to be located and
selected for install. Alternatively a specific distribution can be selected by following the package name with a slash and the version of the distribution or the Archive name (stable, testing,
unstable).; Both of the version selection mechanisms can downgrade packages and must be used with care.; This is also the target to use if you want to upgrade one or more
already-installed packages without upgrading every package you have on your system. Unlike the "upgrade" target, which installs the
newest version of all currently installed packages, "install" will install the newest version of only the package(s) specified. Simply provide the name of the package(s) you wish to upgrade, and if a
newer version is available, it (and its dependencies, as described above) will be downloaded and installed.; Finally, the apt_preferences(5) mechanism allows you to create an alternative installation policy for individual packages.; If no package matches the given expression and the expression
contains one of '.', '?' or '*' then it is assumed to be a POSIX
regular expression, and it is applied to all package names in the
database. Any matches are then installed (or removed). Note that
matching is done by substring so 'lo.*' matches 'how-lo' and
'lowest'. If this is undesired, anchor the regular expression with a '^' or '$' character, or create a more specific regular
expression.
remove: remove is identical to install except that packages are removed
instead of installed. Note the removing a package leaves its
configuration files in system. If a plus sign is appended to the
package name (with no intervening space), the identified package
will be installed instead of removed.
purge: purge is identical to remove except that packages are removed and
purged (any configuration files are deleted too).
source: source causes apt-get to fetch source packages. APT will examine the available packages to decide which source package to fetch. It will then find and download into the current directory the newest
available version of that source package while respect the default release, set with the option APT::Default-Release, the -t option or per package with the pkg/release syntax, if possible.; Source packages are tracked separately from binary packages via
deb-src type lines in the sources.list(5) file. This means that you will need to add such a line for each repository you want to get
sources from. If you don't do this you will properly get another
(newer, older or none) source version than the one you have
installed or could install.; If the --compile option is specified then the package will be compiled to a binary .deb using dpkg-buildpackage, if --download-only is specified then the source package will not be unpacked.; A specific source version can be retrieved by postfixing the source name with an equals and then the version to fetch, similar to the
mechanism used for the package files. This enables exact matching
of the source package name and version, implicitly enabling the
APT::Get::Only-Source option.; Note that source packages are not tracked like binary packages,
they exist only in the current directory and are similar to
downloading source tar balls.
build-dep: build-dep causes apt-get to install/remove packages in an attempt
to satisfy the build dependencies for a source package.
check: check is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks for broken dependencies.
clean: clean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files.
It removes everything but the lock file from
/var/cache/apt/archives/ and /var/cache/apt/archives/partial/. When APT is used as a dselect(1) method, clean is run automatically. Those who do not use dselect will likely want to run apt-get clean from time to time to free up disk space.
autoclean: Like clean, autoclean clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. The difference is that it only removes package files that can no longer be downloaded, and are largely useless. This
allows a cache to be maintained over a long period without it
growing out of control. The configuration option
APT::Clean-Installed will prevent installed packages from being
erased if it is set to off.
autoremove: autoremove is used to remove packages that were automatically
installed to satisfy dependencies for some package and that are no more needed.

OPTIONS

All command line options may be set using the configuration file, the
descriptions indicate the configuration option to set. For boolean
options you can override the config file by using something like
-f-,--no-f, -f=no or several other variations.

--no-install-recommends: Do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for
installing. Configuration Item: APT::Install-Recommends.
-d, --download-only: Download only; package files are only retrieved, not unpacked or
installed. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download-Only.
-f, --fix-broken: Fix; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies in place. This option, when used with install/remove, can omit any packages
to permit APT to deduce a likely solution. If packages are
specified, these have to completely correct the problem. The option is sometimes necessary when running APT for the first time; APT
itself does not allow broken package dependencies to exist on a
system. It is possible that a system's dependency structure can be so corrupt as to require manual intervention (which usually means
using dselect(1) or dpkg --remove to eliminate some of the offending packages). Use of this option together with -m may
produce an error in some situations. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Fix-Broken.
-m, --ignore-missing, --fix-missing: Ignore missing packages; If packages cannot be retrieved or fail
the integrity check after retrieval (corrupted package files), hold back those packages and handle the result. Use of this option
together with -f may produce an error in some situations. If a package is selected for installation (particularly if it is
mentioned on the command line) and it could not be downloaded then it will be silently held back. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Fix-Missing.
--no-download: Disables downloading of packages. This is best used with
--ignore-missing to force APT to use only the .debs it has already downloaded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Download.
-q, --quiet: Quiet; produces output suitable for logging, omitting progress
indicators. More q's will produce more quiet up to a maximum of 2. You can also use -q=# to set the quiet level, overriding the configuration file. Note that quiet level 2 implies -y, you should never use -qq without a no-action modifier such as -d, --print-uris or -s as APT may decided to do something you did not expect.
Configuration Item: quiet.
-s, --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act: No action; perform a simulation of events that would occur but do
not actually change the system. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Simulate.; Simulation run as user will deactivate locking (Debug::NoLocking)
automatic. Also a notice will be displayed indicating that this is only a simulation, if the option
APT::Get::Show-User-Simulation-Note is set (Default: true). Neither NoLocking nor the notice will be triggered if run as root (root
should know what he is doing without further warnings by apt-get).; Simulate prints out a series of lines each one representing a dpkg operation, Configure (Conf), Remove (Remv), Unpack (Inst). Square
brackets indicate broken packages and empty set of square brackets meaning breaks that are of no consequence (rare).
-y, --yes, --assume-yes: Automatic yes to prompts; assume "yes" as answer to all prompts and run non-interactively. If an undesirable situation, such as
changing a held package, trying to install a unauthenticated
package or removing an essential package occurs then apt-get will
abort. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Assume-Yes.
-u, --show-upgraded: Show upgraded packages; Print out a list of all packages that are
to be upgraded. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.
-V, --verbose-versions: Show full versions for upgraded and installed packages.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Show-Versions.
-b, --compile, --build: Compile source packages after downloading them. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Compile.
--install-recommends: Also install recommended packages.
--no-install-recommends: Do not install recommended packages.
--ignore-hold: Ignore package Holds; This causes apt-get to ignore a hold placed on a package. This may be useful in conjunction with dist-upgrade
to override a large number of undesired holds. Configuration Item: APT::Ignore-Hold.
--no-upgrade: Do not upgrade packages; When used in conjunction with install,
no-upgrade will prevent packages on the command line from being
upgraded if they are already installed. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Upgrade.
--only-upgrade: Do not install new packages; When used in conjunction with install, only-upgrade will prevent packages on the command line from being
upgraded if they are not already installed. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Only-Upgrade.
--force-yes: Force yes; This is a dangerous option that will cause apt to
continue without prompting if it is doing something potentially
harmful. It should not be used except in very special situations.
Using force-yes can potentially destroy your system! Configuration Item: APT::Get::force-yes.
--print-uris: Instead of fetching the files to install their URIs are printed.
Each URI will have the path, the destination file name, the size
and the expected md5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will not always match the file name on the remote site! This also works with the source and update commands. When used with the update
command the MD5 and size are not included, and it is up to the user to decompress any compressed files. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::Print-URIs.
--purge: Use purge instead of remove for anything that would be removed. An asterisk ("*") will be displayed next to packages which are
scheduled to be purged. remove --purge is equivalent to the purge command. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Purge.
--reinstall: Re-Install packages that are already installed and at the newest
version. Configuration Item: APT::Get::ReInstall.
--list-cleanup: This option defaults to on, use --no-list-cleanup to turn it off.
When on apt-get will automatically manage the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased. The
only reason to turn it off is if you frequently change your source list. Configuration Item: APT::Get::List-Cleanup.
-t, --target-release, --default-release: This option controls the default input to the policy engine, it
creates a default pin at priority 990 using the specified release
string. This overrides the general settings in
/etc/apt/preferences. Specifically pinned packages are not affected by the value of this option. In short, this option lets you have
simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved
from. Some common examples might be -t '2.1*', -t unstable or -t sid. Configuration Item: APT::Default-Release; see also the
apt_preferences(5) manual page.
--trivial-only: Only perform operations that are 'trivial'. Logically this can be
considered related to --assume-yes, where --assume-yes will answer yes to any prompt, --trivial-only will answer no. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Trivial-Only.
--no-remove: If any packages are to be removed apt-get immediately aborts
without prompting. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Remove.
--auto-remove: If the command is either install or remove, then this option acts
like running autoremove command, removing the unused dependency
packages. Configuration Item: APT::Get::AutomaticRemove.
--only-source: Only has meaning for the source and build-dep commands. Indicates
that the given source names are not to be mapped through the binary table. This means that if this option is specified, these commands will only accept source package names as arguments, rather than
accepting binary package names and looking up the corresponding
source package. Configuration Item: APT::Get::Only-Source.
--diff-only, --dsc-only, --tar-only: Download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Diff-Only, APT::Get::Dsc-Only, and
APT::Get::Tar-Only.
--arch-only: Only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies.
Configuration Item: APT::Get::Arch-Only.
--allow-unauthenticated: Ignore if packages can't be authenticated and don't prompt about
it. This is useful for tools like pbuilder. Configuration Item:
APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated.
-h, --help: Show a short usage summary.
-v, --version: Show the program version.
-c, --config-file: Configuration File; Specify a configuration file to use. The
program will read the default configuration file and then this
configuration file. If configuration settings need to be set before the default configuration files are parsed specify a file with the APT_CONFIG environment variable. See apt.conf(5) for syntax information.
-o, --option: Set a Configuration Option; This will set an arbitrary
configuration option. The syntax is -o Foo::Bar=bar. -o and --option can be used multiple times to set different options.

FILES

/etc/apt/sources.list: Locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::SourceList.
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/: File fragments for locations to fetch packages from. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::SourceParts.
/etc/apt/apt.conf: APT configuration file. Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Main.
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/: APT configuration file fragments. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::Parts.
/etc/apt/preferences: Version preferences file. This is where you would specify
"pinning", i.e. a preference to get certain packages from a
separate source or from a different version of a distribution.
Configuration Item: Dir::Etc::Preferences.
/etc/apt/preferences.d/: File fragments for the version preferences. Configuration Item:
Dir::Etc::PreferencesParts.
/var/cache/apt/archives/: Storage area for retrieved package files. Configuration Item:
Dir::Cache::Archives.
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/: Storage area for package files in transit. Configuration Item:
Dir::Cache::Archives (implicit partial).
/var/lib/apt/lists/: Storage area for state information for each package resource
specified in sources.list(5) Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists.
/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/: Storage area for state information in transit. Configuration Item: Dir::State::Lists (implicit partial).

DIAGNOSTICS

apt-get returns zero on normal operation, decimal 100 on error.

ORIGINAL AUTHORS

Jason Gunthorpe

CURRENT AUTHORS

APT team

QA Page[1]

BUGS

APT bug page[2]. If you wish to report a bug in APT, please see /usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt or the reportbug(1) command.

AUTHORS

Jason Gunthorpe

APT team

NOTES

1. QA Page: http://packages.qa.debian.org/a/apt.html; 2. APT bug page
http://bugs.debian.org/src:apt

docs.sk

comprehensive documentation repository

See also