perltoc(1)

NAME

perltoc - perl documentation table of contents

DESCRIPTION

This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
through to locate the proper section you're looking for.

BASIC DOCUMENTATION

perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language

SYNOPSIS: Overview
Tutorials
Reference Manual
Internals and C Language Interface
Miscellaneous
Language-Specific
Platform-Specific
DESCRIPTION AVAILABILITY ENVIRONMENT AUTHOR FILES SEE ALSO DIAGNOSTICS BUGS NOTES
perlintro -- a brief introduction and overview of Perl
DESCRIPTION: What is Perl?
Running Perl programs
Basic syntax overview
Perl variable types
Scalars, Arrays, Hashes; Variable scoping
Conditional and looping constructs
if, while, for, foreach; Builtin operators and functions
Arithmetic, Numeric comparison, String comparison, Boolean
logic, Miscellaneous; Files and I/O
Regular expressions
Simple matching, Simple substitution, More complex regular
expressions, Parentheses for capturing, Other regexp features; Writing subroutines
OO Perl
Using Perl modules
AUTHOR
perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
DESCRIPTION Who Needs Complicated Data Structures? The Solution Syntax: Making References
Using References
An Example
Arrow Rule
Solution The Rest Summary Credits: Distribution Conditions
perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
DESCRIPTION: arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of
hashes, more elaborate constructs
REFERENCES COMMON MISTAKES CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS "use strict" DEBUGGING CODE EXAMPLES ARRAYS OF ARRAYS: Declaration of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS
Generation of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS
Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS
HASHES OF ARRAYS: Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
ARRAYS OF HASHES: Declaration of an ARRAY OF HASHES
Generation of an ARRAY OF HASHES
Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF HASHES
HASHES OF HASHES: Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
MORE ELABORATE RECORDS: Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Database Ties SEE ALSO AUTHOR
perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
DESCRIPTION: Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
Growing Your Own
Access and Printing
Slices
SEE ALSO AUTHOR
perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
DESCRIPTION The Guide: Simple word matching
Using character classes
Matching this or that
Grouping things and hierarchical matching
Extracting matches
Matching repetitions
More matching
Search and replace
The split operator
BUGS SEE ALSO AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT: Acknowledgments
perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
DESCRIPTION Part 1: The basics: Simple word matching
Using character classes
Matching this or that
Grouping things and hierarchical matching
Extracting matches
Matching repetitions
Building a regexp
Using regular expressions in Perl
Part 2: Power tools: More on characters, strings, and character classes
Compiling and saving regular expressions
Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
Non-capturing groupings
Looking ahead and looking behind
Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
Conditional expressions
A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
Pragmas and debugging
BUGS SEE ALSO AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT: Acknowledgments
perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
DESCRIPTION: If we could talk to the animals...
Introducing the method invocation arrow
Invoking a barnyard
The extra parameter of method invocation
Calling a second method to simplify things
Inheriting the windpipes
A few notes about @ISA
Overriding the methods
Starting the search from a different place
The SUPER way of doing things
Where we're at so far...
A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
Invoking an instance method
Accessing the instance data
How to build a horse
Inheriting the constructor
Making a method work with either classes or instances
Adding parameters to a method
More interesting instances
A horse of a different color
Summary
SEE ALSO COPYRIGHT
perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
DESCRIPTION Creating a Class: Object Representation
Class Interface
Constructors and Instance Methods
Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
Destructors
Other Object Methods
Class Data: Accessing Class Data
Debugging Methods
Class Destructors
Documenting the Interface
Aggregation Inheritance: Overridden Methods
Multiple Inheritance
UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
Alternate Object Representations: Arrays as Objects
Closures as Objects
AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods: Autoloaded Data Methods
Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
Metaclassical Tools: Class::Struct
Data Members as Variables
NOTES: Object Terminology
SEE ALSO AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT: Acknowledgments
perltooc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
DESCRIPTION Class Data in a Can Class Data as Package Variables: Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
Inheritance Concerns
The Eponymous Meta-Object
Indirect References to Class Data
Monadic Classes
Translucent Attributes
Class Data as Lexical Variables: Privacy and Responsibility
File-Scoped Lexicals
More Inheritance Concerns
Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
Translucency Revisited
NOTES SEE ALSO AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS HISTORY
perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
DESCRIPTION OO SCALING TIPS INSTANCE VARIABLES SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM THINKING OF CODE REUSE CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR DELEGATION SEE ALSO
perlstyle - Perl style guide
DESCRIPTION
perlcheat - Perl 5 Cheat Sheet
DESCRIPTION: The sheet
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
DESCRIPTION: Awk Traps
C/C++ Traps
Sed Traps
Shell Traps
Perl Traps
Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps,
Numerical Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps scalar, list contexts, Precedence Traps, General Regular
Expression Traps using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting
Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps; Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
Symbols starting with "_" no longer forced into main, Doublecolon valid package separator in variable name, 2nd and 3rd
args to "splice()" are now in scalar context, Can't do "goto"
into a block that is optimized away, Can't use whitespace as
variable name or quote delimiter, "while/if BLOCK BLOCK" gone, "**" binds tighter than unary minus, "foreach" changed when
iterating over a list, "split" with no args behavior changed,
-e behavior fixed, "push" returns number of elements in resulting list, Some error messages differ, "split()" honors subroutine args, Bugs removed; Parsing Traps
Space between . and = triggers syntax error, Better parsing in perl 5, Function parsing, String interpolation of $#array differs, Perl guesses on "map", "grep" followed by "{" if it
starts BLOCK or hash ref; Numerical Traps
Formatted output and significant digits, Auto-increment operator over signed int limit deleted, Assignment of return values from numeric equality tests doesn't work, Bitwise string ops; General data type traps
Negative array subscripts now count from the end of array, Setting $#array lower now discards array elements, Hashes get
defined before use, Glob assignment from localized variable to variable, Assigning "undef" to glob, Changes in unary negation (of strings), Modifying of constants prohibited, "defined $var" behavior changed, Variable Suicide; Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
Elements of argument lists for formats evaluated in list context, "caller()" returns false value in scalar context if no
caller present, Comma operator in scalar context gives scalar
context to args, "sprintf()" prototyped as "($;@)"; Precedence Traps
LHS vs. RHS of any assignment operator, Semantic errors introduced due to precedence, Precedence of assignment operators
same as the precedence of assignment, "open" requires parentheses around filehandle, $: precedence over $:: gone, Precedence of file test operators documented, "keys", "each", "values" are regular named unary operators; General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
"s'$lhs'$rhs'" interpolates on either side, "m//g" attaches its state to the searched string, "m//o" used within an anonymous
sub, $+ isn't set to whole match, Substitution now returns null string if it fails, "s`lhs`rhs`" is now a normal substitution, Stricter parsing of variables in regular expressions, "m?x?"
matches only once, Failed matches don't reset the match variables; Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
Barewords that used to look like strings look like subroutine
calls, Reverse is no longer allowed as the name of a sort subroutine, "warn()" won't let you specify a filehandle; OS Traps
SysV resets signal handler correctly, SysV "seek()" appends
correctly; Interpolation Traps
"@" always interpolates an array in double-quotish strings,
Double-quoted strings may no longer end with an unescaped $,
Arbitrary expressions are evaluated inside braces within double quotes, $$x now tries to dereference $x, Creation of hashes on the fly with "eval "EXPR"" requires protection, Bugs in earlier perl versions, Array and hash brackets during interpolation,
Interpolation of "\$$foo{bar}", "qq()" string passed to "eval" will not find string terminator; DBM Traps
Perl5 must have been linked with same dbm/ndbm as the default
for "dbmopen()", DBM exceeding limit on the key/value size will cause perl5 to exit immediately; Unclassified Traps
"require"/"do" trap using returned value, "split" on empty
string with LIMIT specified
perldebtut - Perl debugging tutorial
DESCRIPTION use strict Looking at data and -w and v help Stepping through code Placeholder for a, w, t, T REGULAR EXPRESSIONS OUTPUT TIPS CGI GUIs SUMMARY SEE ALSO AUTHOR CONTRIBUTORS
perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2005/12/30 15:04:07 $)
DESCRIPTION: Where to get the perlfaq
How to contribute to the perlfaq
What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the authors
Credits Author and Copyright Information: Bundled Distributions
Disclaimer
Table of Contents: perlfaq - this document, perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl, perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl, perlfaq3 - Programming Tools, perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation, perlfaq5 - Files and Formats, perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions, perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues, perlfaq8 - System Interaction, perlfaq9 - Networking
The Questions: perlfaq1: General Questions About Perl
perlfaq2: Obtaining and Learning about Perl
perlfaq3: Programming Tools
perlfaq4: Data Manipulation
perlfaq5: Files and Formats
perlfaq6: Regular Expressions
perlfaq7: General Perl Language Issues
perlfaq8: System Interaction
perlfaq9: Networking
perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.19 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: What is Perl?
Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
Which version of Perl should I use?
What are perl4, perl5, or perl6?
What is Ponie?
What is perl6?
How stable is Perl?
Is Perl difficult to learn?
How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
Can I do [task] in Perl?
When shouldn't I program in Perl?
What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
What is a JAPH?
Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version 5/5.6.1/Perl instead of some other language?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: What machines support perl? Where do I get it?
How can I get a binary version of perl?
I don't have a C compiler. How can I build my own Perl interpreter? I copied the perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
don't work.
I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
Where can I get information on Perl?
What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions? Where should I post source code?
Perl Books
References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics; Perl in Magazines
Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
What mailing lists are there for Perl?
Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
Where can I buy a commercial version of perl?
Where do I send bug reports?
What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? cpan.org?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.56 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: How do I do (anything)?
How can I use Perl interactively?
Is there a Perl shell?
How do I find which modules are installed on my system?
How do I debug my Perl programs?
How do I profile my Perl programs?
How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
Is there a ctags for Perl?
Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
Eclipse, Enginsite, Komodo, Open Perl IDE, OptiPerl, PerlBuilder, visiPerl+, Visual Perl, Zeus, GNU Emacs, MicroEMACS,
XEmacs, Jed, Elvis, Vile, Vim, Codewright, MultiEdit,
SlickEdit, Bash, Ksh, Tcsh, Zsh, Affrus, Alpha, BBEdit and BBEdit Lite; Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
How can I use curses with Perl?
How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
How can I make my Perl program run faster?
How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
Don't slurp!, Use map and grep selectively, Avoid unnecessary
quotes and stringification, Pass by reference, Tie large variables to disk; Is it safe to return a reference to local or lexical data?
How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
How can I compile Perl into Java?
How can I get "#!perl" to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
Where can I learn about linking C with Perl?
I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in my C program; what am I doing wrong?
When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
mean?
What's MakeMaker?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.73 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION Data: Numbers: Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of
the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
Why is int() broken?
Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?
How do I convert between numeric representations/bases/radixes?
How do I convert hexadecimal into decimal, How do I convert
from decimal to hexadecimal, How do I convert from octal to
decimal, How do I convert from decimal to octal, How do I convert from binary to decimal, How do I convert from decimal to
binary; Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
How do I multiply matrices?
How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
How can I output Roman numerals?
Why aren't my random numbers random?
How do I get a random number between X and Y?
Data: Dates: How do I find the day or week of the year?
How do I find the current century or millennium?
How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
How can I find the Julian Day?
How do I find yesterday's date?
Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
Data: Strings: How do I validate input?
How do I unescape a string?
How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
How do I expand function calls in a string?
How do I find matching/nesting anything?
How do I reverse a string?
How do I expand tabs in a string?
How do I reformat a paragraph?
How can I access or change N characters of a string?
How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
string?
How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
[character]?
How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
How do I extract selected columns from a string?
How do I find the soundex value of a string?
How can I expand variables in text strings?
What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
There must be no space after the << part, There (probably)
should be a semicolon at the end, You can't (easily) have any
space in front of the tag
Data: Arrays: What is the difference between a list and an array?
What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
How can I tell whether a certain element is contained in a list or array?
How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
the intersection of two arrays?
How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
true?
How do I handle linked lists?
How do I handle circular lists?
How do I shuffle an array randomly?
How do I process/modify each element of an array?
How do I select a random element from an array?
How do I permute N elements of a list?
How do I sort an array by (anything)?
How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays): How do I process an entire hash?
What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating
over it?
How do I look up a hash element by value?
How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
How can I always keep my hash sorted?
What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?
How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays?
How can I use a reference as a hash key?
Data: Misc: How do I handle binary data correctly?
How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
How do I define methods for every class/object?
How do I verify a credit card checksum?
How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.42 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this? How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
How do I count the number of lines in a file?
How can I use Perl's "-i" option from within a program?
How can I copy a file?
How do I make a temporary file name?
How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()? How can I write() into a string?
How can I output my numbers with commas added?
How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>? Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
How can I reliably rename a file?
How can I lock a file?
Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?
All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a
file. Do I still have to use locking?
How do I randomly update a binary file?
How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
How do I print to more than one file at once?
How can I read in an entire file all at once?
How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard? How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle? How do I do a "tail -f" in perl?
How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
How do I close a file descriptor by number?
Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? Why doesn't
`C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does "-i" clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
How do I select a random line from a file?
Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq6 - Regular Expressions ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code?
Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters; I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong? How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves
on different lines?
I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's
wrong?
How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS while preserving case on the RHS?
How can I make "\w" match national character sets?
How can I match a locale-smart version of "/[a-zA-Z]/"?
How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
What is "/o" really for?
How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?
Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around
it?
How do I process each word on each line?
How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
How can I do approximate matching?
How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
Why don't word-boundary searches with "\b" work for me?
Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
What good is "\G" in a regular expression?
Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
What's wrong with using grep in a void context?
How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq7 - General Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?
Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
commas?
How do I skip some return values?
How do I temporarily block warnings?
What's an extension?
Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
How do I declare/create a structure?
How do I create a module?
How do I create a class?
How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
What's a closure?
What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?
Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing
Regexes, Passing Methods; How do I create a static variable?
What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()?
How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope?
What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()? How do I create a switch or case statement?
How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or
methods?
Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
How can I find out my current package?
How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
How do I clear a package?
How can I use a variable as a variable name?
What does "bad interpreter" mean?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
How come exec() doesn't return?
How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
Keyboard, Screen, Mouse; How do I print something out in color?
How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
How do I clear the screen?
How do I get the screen size?
How do I ask the user for a password?
How do I read and write the serial port?
lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input; How do I decode encrypted password files?
How do I start a process in the background?
STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies; How do I trap control characters/signals?
How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
How do I set the time and date?
How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second? How can I measure time under a second?
How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()? Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
Why can't I get the output of a command with system()? How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails? What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
How can I call backticks without shell processing?
Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on
Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?
How can I convert my shell script to perl?
Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
How can I write expect in Perl?
Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
"ps"?
I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl
script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script?
How do I get my changes to be visible?
Unix; How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
complete?
How do I fork a daemon process?
How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
How do I timeout a slow event?
How do I set CPU limits?
How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
How do I use an SQL database?
How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
How do I open a file without blocking?
How do I tell the difference between errors from the shell and
perl?
How do I install a module from CPAN?
What's the difference between require and use?
How do I keep my own module/library directory?
How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path?
How do I add a directory to my include path (@INC) at runtime?
What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: 2005/12/31 00:54:37 $)
DESCRIPTION: What is the correct form of response from a CGI script?
My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 Server Error)
How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
How do I remove HTML from a string?
How do I extract URLs?
How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on another machine?
How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
How do I fetch an HTML file?
How do I automate an HTML form submission?
How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
How do I redirect to another page?
How do I put a password on my web pages?
How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?
How do I parse a mail header?
How do I decode a CGI form?
How do I check a valid mail address?
How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
How do I return the user's mail address?
How do I send mail?
How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?
How do I read mail?
How do I find out my hostname, domainname, or IP address?
gethostbyname, Socket, Net::Domain, Sys::Hostname"; How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
How can I do RPC in Perl?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlsyn - Perl syntax
DESCRIPTION: Declarations
Comments
Simple Statements
Truth and Falsehood
Statement Modifiers
Compound Statements
Loop Control
For Loops
Foreach Loops
Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
Goto
PODs: Embedded Documentation
Plain Old Comments (Not!)
perldata - Perl data types
DESCRIPTION: Variable names
Context
Scalar values
Scalar value constructors
List value constructors
Subscripts
Slices
Typeglobs and Filehandles
SEE ALSO
perlop - Perl operators and precedence
DESCRIPTION: Operator Precedence and Associativity
Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
The Arrow Operator
Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
Exponentiation
Symbolic Unary Operators
Binding Operators
Multiplicative Operators
Additive Operators
Shift Operators
Named Unary Operators
Relational Operators
Equality Operators
Bitwise And
Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
C-style Logical And
C-style Logical Or
Range Operators
Conditional Operator
Assignment Operators
Comma Operator
List Operators (Rightward)
Logical Not
Logical And
Logical or and Exclusive Or
err operator, logical, defined or operator, logical, exclusive or or xor err"; C Operators Missing From Perl
unary &, unary *, (TYPE); Quote and Quote-like Operators
Regexp Quote-Like Operators
?PATTERN? , m/PATTERN/cgimosx
, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/ , 'STRING', qq/STRING/ ,

"STRING", qr/STRING/imosx , qx/STRING/

, `STRING`, qw/STRING/ , s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx

, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, <<EOF options regexp

regex, options regex c i m o s x q quote, double ' '' qq quote, double "" """" qr i m o s x qx ` `` backtick qw
quote, list quote, words substitute substitution replace regexp, replace regexp, substitute e g i m o s x tr y
transliterate c d s here-doc heredoc here-document <<"

Gory details of parsing quoted constructs

Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters,
Interpolation , "<<'EOF'", "m''", "s'''", "tr///", "y///", '', "q//", "", ``, "qq//", "qx//", "<file*glob>", "?RE?", "/RE/",
"m/RE/", "s/RE/foo/",, Interpolation of regular expressions ,
Optimization of regular expressions optimization"

I/O Operators
Constant Folding
No-ops
Bitwise String Operators
Integer Arithmetic
Floating-point Arithmetic
Bigger Numbers

perlsub - Perl subroutines

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Private Variables via my()
Persistent Private Variables
Temporary Values via local()
Lvalue subroutines

Lvalue subroutines are EXPERIMENTAL

Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
When to Still Use local()
Pass by Reference
Prototypes
Constant Functions
Overriding Built-in Functions
Autoloading
Subroutine Attributes

SEE ALSO

perlfunc - Perl builtin functions

DESCRIPTION

Perl Functions by Category

Functions for SCALARs or strings , Regular expressions and
pattern matching , Numeric functions , Functions for real @ARRAYs , Functions for list data , Functions for real %HASHes , Input and output functions

, Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions for

filehandles, files, or directories

, Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program

, Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups

, Keywords related to perl modules , Keywords related to

classes and object-orientedness

, Low-level socket functions , System V interprocess communi

cation functions

, Fetching user and group info
, Fetching network info , Time-related functions , Func

tions new in perl5 , Functions obsoleted in perl5

Portability
Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions

-X FILEHANDLE

, -X EXPR, -X, abs VALUE , abs, accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET , alarm SECONDS , alarm, atan2 Y,X

, bind SOCKET,NAME , binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER , binmode

FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME , bless REF, caller EXPR

, caller, chdir EXPR , chdir FILEHANDLE, chdir DIRHANDLE,

chdir, chmod LIST , chomp VARIABLE , chomp( LIST ), chomp, chop VARIABLE , chop( LIST ), chop, chown LIST , chr NUMBER

, chr, chroot FILENAME , chroot, close FILEHANDLE , close,

closedir DIRHANDLE , connect SOCKET,NAME , continue BLOCK , cos EXPR

, cos, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT

, dbmclose HASH , dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK , defined EXPR

, defined, delete EXPR , die LIST
, do BLOCK , do SUBROUTINE(LIST) , do EXPR , dump LABEL

, dump, each HASH , eof FILEHANDLE , eof (), eof, eval EXPR

, eval BLOCK, eval, exec LIST , exec PROGRAM LIST, exists

EXPR , exit EXPR , exit, exp EXPR , exp, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR , fileno FILEHANDLE , flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION , fork , format , formline PICTURE,LIST , getc FILEHANDLE , getc, getlogin , getpeername SOCKET , getpgrp
PID , getppid , getpriority WHICH,WHO

, getpwnam NAME

, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, get

protobyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname
NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr
ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport
PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN,
setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET , getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME ,
glob EXPR

, glob, gmtime EXPR , gmtime, goto LABEL , goto EXPR, goto

&NAME, grep BLOCK LIST , grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR , hex, import LIST , index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION

, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR

, int, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR , join EXPR,LIST ,

keys HASH , kill SIGNAL, LIST , last LABEL , last, lc EXPR , lc, lcfirst EXPR , lcfirst, length EXPR , length, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE , listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE , local EXPR , localtime EXPR , localtime, lock THING , log EXPR , log, lstat EXPR , lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST , map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK , mkdir FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG , msgget KEY,FLAGS , msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS , msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS , my EXPR , my
TYPE EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRS, my TYPE EXPR : ATTRS, next LABEL

, next, no Module VERSION LIST , no Module VERSION, no Module

LIST, no Module, oct EXPR

, oct, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR , open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR, open

FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE, open FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR , ord EXPR , ord, our EXPR , our EXPR TYPE, our EXPR : ATTRS, our TYPE EXPR : ATTRS, pack TEMPLATE,LIST , package NAMESPACE , package, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE , pop ARRAY , pop, pos SCALAR

, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST , print LIST, print, printf FILE

HANDLE FORMAT, LIST , printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION , push ARRAY,LIST , , q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/,
qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR

, quotemeta, rand EXPR , rand, read FILEHAN

DLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET , read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE , readline EXPR

, readlink EXPR , readlink, readpipe EXPR , recv

SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS , redo LABEL , redo, ref EXPR ,
ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME

, require VERSION , require EXPR, require, reset EXPR ,

reset, return EXPR , return, reverse LIST , rewinddir DIRHANDLE , rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION , rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir
FILENAME

, rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR , seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE

, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS , select FILEHANDLE , select, select
RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT , semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG , semget
KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS , semop KEY,OPSTRING , send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO , send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP , setpriority
WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY , setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL , shift ARRAY , shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG , shmget
KEY,SIZE,FLAGS , shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE , shmwrite
ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW , sin EXPR , sin, sleep EXPR , sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL , socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL , sort SUBNAME LIST

, sort BLOCK LIST, sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFF

SET,LENGTH,LIST , splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT , split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST , format parameter index, flags, vector flag, (minimum) width, precision, or maximum width , size, order of arguments, sqrt EXPR , sqrt, srand EXPR , srand, stat FILEHANDLE , stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR , study, sub NAME BLOCK , sub NAME (PROTO) BLOCK, sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK, sub NAME (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT , substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,
substr EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE , syscall NUMBER, LIST , sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE , sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET , sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE , system LIST , system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET , syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell
FILEHANDLE , tell, telldir DIRHANDLE , tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST , tied VARIABLE , time , times , tr///, truncate
FILEHANDLE,LENGTH , truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR , uc,
ucfirst EXPR , ucfirst, umask EXPR , umask, undef EXPR ,
undef, unlink LIST , unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR , untie VARIABLE , unshift ARRAY,LIST , use Module VERSION LIST , use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime
LIST , values HASH , vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS

, wait , waitpid PID,FLAGS , wantarray
, warn LIST , write FILEHANDLE , write EXPR, write, y///

default select semctl semget semop send setpgrp group setpriority priority nice renice setsockopt shift shmctl shmget shmread shmwrite shutdown sin sine asin arcsine sleep pause socket
socketpair sort qsort quicksort mergesort splice split sprintf precision sqrt root square root srand seed randseed stat file, status study sub substr substring mid left right symlink link
symbolic link link, symbolic syscall system call sysopen sysread sysseek lseek system shell syswrite tell telldir tie tied time epoch times truncate uc uppercase toupper ucfirst uppercase umask undef undefine unlink delete remove rm unpack untie unshift use module import utime values vec bit bit vector wait waitpid wantarray context warn warning STDERR write"
perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
DESCRIPTION Open A la shell: Simple Opens
Indirect Filehandles
Pipe Opens
The Minus File
Mixing Reads and Writes
Filters
Open A la C: Permissions A la mode
Obscure Open Tricks: Re-Opening Files (dups)
Dispelling the Dweomer
Paths as Opens
Single Argument Open
Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
Other I/O Issues: Opening Non-File Files
Opening Named Pipes
Opening Sockets
Binary Files
File Locking
IO Layers
SEE ALSO AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT HISTORY
perlpacktut - tutorial on "pack" and "unpack"
DESCRIPTION The Basic Principle Packing Text Packing Numbers: Integers
Unpacking a Stack Frame
How to Eat an Egg on a Net
Floating point Numbers
Exotic Templates: Bit Strings
Uuencoding
Doing Sums
Unicode
Another Portable Binary Encoding
Template Grouping Lengths and Widths: String Lengths
Dynamic Templates
Counting Repetitions
Packing and Unpacking C Structures: The Alignment Pit
Alignment, Take 2
Alignment, Take 3
Pointers for How to Use Them
Pack Recipes Funnies Section Authors
perlpod - the Plain Old Documentation format
DESCRIPTION: Ordinary Paragraph
Verbatim Paragraph
Command Paragraph
"=head1 Heading Text"
, "=head2 Heading Text", "=head3 Heading Text", "=head4 Head

ing Text", "=over indentlevel"

, "=item stuff...", "=back", "=cut" , "=pod" , "=begin

formatname"

, "=end formatname", "=for formatname text...", "=encoding

encodingname"; Formatting Codes
"I<text>" -- italic text , "B<text>" -- bold text
, "C<code>" -- code text
, "L<name>" -- a hyperlink , "E<escape>" -- a character

escape

, "F<filename>" -- used for filenames , "S<text>" -- text con

tains non-breaking spaces

, "X<topic name>" -- an index entry

, "Z<>" -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code code, italic

italic B B<> POD, formatting code, bold bold C C<> POD, formatting code, code code L L<> POD, formatting code, hyperlink
hyperlink E E<> POD, formatting code, escape escape F F<> POD, formatting code, filename filename S S<> POD, formatting code, non-breaking space non-breaking space X X<> POD, formatting
code, index entry index entry Z Z<> POD, formatting code, null null"; The Intent
Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
Hints for Writing Pod
SEE ALSO AUTHOR
perlpodspec - Plain Old Documentation: format specification and notes
DESCRIPTION Pod Definitions Pod Commands: "=head1", "=head2", "=head3", "=head4", "=pod", "=cut", "=over",
"=item", "=back", "=begin formatname", "=end formatname", "=for
formatname text...", "=encoding encodingname"
Pod Formatting Codes: "I<text>" -- italic text, "B<text>" -- bold text, "C<code>" -- code text, "F<filename>" -- style for filenames, "X<topic name>" -- an
index entry, "Z<>" -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code,
"L<name>" -- a hyperlink, "E<escape>" -- a character escape,
"S<text>" -- text contains non-breaking spaces
Notes on Implementing Pod Processors About L<...> Codes: First:, Second:, Third:, Fourth:, Fifth:, Sixth:
About =over...=back Regions About Data Paragraphs and "=begin/=end" Regions SEE ALSO AUTHOR
perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION: #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS; Location of Perl
Command Switches
-0[octal/hexadecimal] , -a , -C [nnuummbbeerr//lliisstt] , -c , -d , -dt, -d:foo[=bar,baz] , -dt:foo[=bar,baz], -Dletters , -Dnumber, -e commandline , -f , -Fpattern , -h , -i[extension] , -Idirectory , -l[octnum] , -m[-]module , -M[-]module, -M[-]'module ...', -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n , -p , -P , -s , -S , -t , -T , -u , -U , -v , -V , -V:configvar, -w , -W , -X , -x , -x directory
ENVIRONMENT: HOME , LOGDIR , PATH , PERL5LIB , PERL5OPT , PERLIO , :bytes ,
:crlf , :mmap , :perlio , :pop , :raw , :stdio , :unix , :utf8 ,
:win32 , PERLIO_DEBUG , PERLLIB , PERL5DB , PERL5DB_THREADED ,
PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port) , PERL_ALLOW_NON_IFS_LSP
(specific to the Win32 port) , PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS ,
PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL , PERL_DL_NONLAZY , PERL_ENCODING ,
PERL_HASH_SEED , PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG , PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port) , PERL_SIGNALS , PERL_UNICODE , SYS$LOGIN (specific to
the VMS port)
perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
DESCRIPTION
perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
DESCRIPTION: Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
What's wrong with -w and $^W
Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
-w , -W , -X; Backward Compatibility
Category Hierarchy
Fatal Warnings
Reporting Warnings from a Module
TODO SEE ALSO AUTHOR
perldebug - Perl debugging
DESCRIPTION The Perl Debugger: Debugger Commands
h , h [command], h h, p expr , x [maxdepth] expr , V [pkg
[vars]] , X [vars] , y [level [vars]] , T , s [expr] , n
[expr] , r , <CR>, c [line|sub] , l , l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, - , v [line] , . , f filename , /pattern/,
?pattern?, L [abw] , S [[!]regex] , t , t expr , b , b [line]
[condition] , b subname [condition] , b postpone subname
[condition] , b load filename , b compile subname
, B line , B * , a [line] command , A line , A * , w expr ,

W expr , W * , o , o booloption ... , o anyoption? ... , o
option=value ... , < ? , < [ command ] , < * , << command , > ? , > command , > * , >> command , { ? , { [ command ], { * , {{ command , ! number , ! -number , ! pattern , !! cmd , source
file , H -number , q or ^D

, R , |dbcmd , ||dbcmd , command, m expr , M , man [manpage]

command, V debugger command, X debugger command, y debugger
command, T backtrace stack, backtrace debugger command, s step debugger command, n debugger command, r debugger command, c
debugger command, l debugger command, - debugger command, v
debugger command, . debugger command, f debugger command, L
debugger command, S debugger command, t debugger command, t
breakpoint debugger command, b breakpoint debugger command, b
breakpoint debugger command, b breakpoint debugger command, b
breakpoint debugger command, b breakpoint debugger command, b
breakpoint debugger command, B breakpoint debugger command, B
debugger command, a debugger command, A debugger command, A
debugger command, w debugger command, W debugger command, W
debugger command, o debugger command, o debugger command, o
debugger command, o debugger command, < debugger command, <
debugger command, < debugger command, << debugger command, >
debugger command, > debugger command, > debugger command, >>
debugger command, { debugger command, { debugger command, {{
debugger command, ! debugger command, ! debugger command, !
debugger command, !! debugger command, source debugger command, H debugger command, q debugger command, ^D debugger command, R debugger command, | debugger command, || debugger command, m
debugger command, M debugger command, man"; Configurable Options
"recallCommand", "ShellBang" , "pager" , "tkRunning" , "signalLevel", "warnLevel", "dieLevel"
, "AutoTrace" , "LineInfo" , "inhibit_exit" , "PrintRet" ,

"ornaments" , "frame" , "maxTraceLen" , "windowSize" , "arrayDepth", "hashDepth" , "dumpDepth" , "compactDump",
"veryCompact" , "globPrint" , "DumpDBFiles" , "DumpPackages" , "DumpReused" , "quote", "HighBit", "undefPrint"

, "UsageOnly" , "TTY" , "noTTY" , "ReadLine" , "NonStop"

option, ShellBang debugger option, pager debugger option,
tkRunning debugger option, signalLevel debugger option, warnLevel debugger option, dieLevel debugger option, AutoTrace
debugger option, LineInfo debugger option, inhibit_exit debugger option, PrintRet debugger option, ornaments debugger
option, frame debugger option, maxTraceLen debugger option,
windowSize debugger option, arrayDepth debugger option,
hashDepth debugger option, dumpDepth debugger option, compactDump debugger option, veryCompact debugger option, globPrint
debugger option, DumpDBFiles debugger option, DumpPackages
debugger option, DumpReused debugger option, quote debugger
option, HighBit debugger option, undefPrint debugger option,
UsageOnly debugger option, TTY debugger option, noTTY debugger option, ReadLine debugger option, NonStop"; Debugger input/output
Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace , Line Listing
Format, Frame listing backtrace"; Debugging compile-time statements
Debugger Customization
Readline Support
Editor Support for Debugging
The Perl Profiler
Debugging regular expressions Debugging memory usage SEE ALSO BUGS
perlvar - Perl predefined variables
DESCRIPTION: Predefined Names
$ARG, $_, $a, $b, $<digits>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $', $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, $^N, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $*, HANDLE->input_line_number(EXPR), $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
IO::Handle->input_record_separator(EXPR), $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, HANDLE->autoflush(EXPR), $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|,
IO::Handle->output_field_separator EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, IO::Handle->output_record_separator EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $", $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $#, HANDLE->format_page_number(EXPR), $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, HANDLE->format_lines_per_page(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, HANDLE->format_lines_left(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-,
@LAST_MATCH_START, @-, $` is the same as "substr($var, 0,
$-[0])", $& is the same as "substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] $-[0])", $' is the same as "substr($var, $+[0])", $1 is the
same as "substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])", $2 is the same as "substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])", $3 is the same as "substr($var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])", HANDLE->format_name(EXPR),
$FORMAT_NAME, $~, HANDLE->format_top_name(EXPR), $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters
EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, IO::Handle->format_formfeed EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
$CHILD_ERROR, $?, ${^ENCODING}, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, %!,
$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID,
$$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>,
$REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C, $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME,
$^O, ${^OPEN}, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10,
0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, 0x400, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S, $BASETIME, $^T, ${^TAINT}, ${^UNICODE}, ${^UTF8LOCALE}, $PERL_VERSION,
$^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X,
ARGV, $ARGV, @ARGV, ARGVOUT, @F, @INC, @_, %INC, %ENV,
$ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}; Error Indicators
Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
BUGS
perlre - Perl regular expressions
DESCRIPTION: i , m , s
, x expression, case-insensitive m regex, multiline regexp, mul; tiline regular expression, multiline s regex, single-line regexp, single-line regular expression, single-line x"; Regular Expressions
[1], [2], [3], cntrl , graph , print , punct , xdigit; Extended Patterns
"(?#text)" , "(?imsx-imsx)" , "(?:pattern)" , "(?imsx-imsx:pattern)", "(?=pattern)" , "(?!pattern)" , "(?<=pattern)" ,
"(?<!pattern)" , "(?{ code })"
, "(??{ code })"
, "(?>pattern)" , "(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)"

, "(?(condition)yes-pattern)" postponed regex, recursive regexp, recursive regular expression, recursive backtrack backtracking (?()"

Backtracking
Version 8 Regular Expressions
Warning on \1 vs $1
Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
Combining pieces together

"ST", "S|T", "S{REPEAT_COUNT}", "S{min,max}", "S{min,max}?",
"S?", "S*", "S+", "S??", "S*?", "S+?", "(?>S)", "(?=S)",
"(?<=S)", "(?!S)", "(?<!S)", "(??{ EXPR })", "(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)"

Creating custom RE engines; BUGS
SEE ALSO; perlreref - Perl Regular Expressions Reference; DESCRIPTION
OPERATORS
SYNTAX
ESCAPE SEQUENCES
CHARACTER CLASSES
ANCHORS
QUANTIFIERS
EXTENDED CONSTRUCTS
VARIABLES
FUNCTIONS
TERMINOLOGY; AUTHOR
SEE ALSO
THANKS; perlref - Perl references and nested data structures; NOTE
DESCRIPTION
Making References
1. , 2.
, 3.; , 4. , 5. , 6. , 7. anonymous subroutine, reference; reference, subroutine scope, lexical closure lexical lexical
scope constructor new autovivification *foo{THING} *"
Using References 2. , 3. , 4.
Symbolic references Not-so-symbolic references Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash Function Templates
WARNING SEE ALSO
perlform - Perl formats
DESCRIPTION Text Fields Numeric Fields The Field @* for Variable Width Multi-Line Text The Field ^* for Variable Width One-line-at-a-time Text Specifying Values Using Fill Mode Suppressing Lines Where All Fields Are Void Repeating Format Lines Top of Form Processing Format Variables
NOTES Footers Accessing Formatting Internals
WARNINGS
perlobj - Perl objects
DESCRIPTION An Object is Simply a Reference A Class is Simply a Package A Method is Simply a Subroutine Method Invocation Indirect Object Syntax Default UNIVERSAL methods isa(CLASS) , can(METHOD) , VERSION( [NEED] )
Destructors Summary Two-Phased Garbage Collection
SEE ALSO
perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Tying Scalars TIESCALAR classname, LIST , FETCH this , STORE this, value , UNTIE this , DESTROY this
Tying Arrays TIEARRAY classname, LIST , FETCH this, index , STORE this, index, value , FETCHSIZE this , STORESIZE this, count , EXTEND this, count , EXISTS this, key , DELETE this, key , CLEAR this , PUSH this, LIST , POP this , SHIFT this , UNSHIFT this, LIST , SPLICE this,
offset, length, LIST , UNTIE this , DESTROY this
Tying Hashes USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST , FETCH this, key , STORE this, key, value , DELETE this, key , CLEAR this , EXISTS this, key , FIRSTKEY this , NEXTKEY this, lastkey , SCALAR this , UNTIE this , DESTROY this
Tying FileHandles TIEHANDLE classname, LIST , WRITE this, LIST , PRINT this, LIST , PRINTF this, LIST , READ this, LIST , READLINE this , GETC this , CLOSE this , UNTIE this , DESTROY this
UNTIE this The "untie" Gotcha
SEE ALSO BUGS AUTHOR
perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTIONfilter_store_key, filter_store_value, filter_fetch_key, filter_fetch_value
The Filter An Example -- the NULL termination problem. Another Example -- Key is a C int.
SEE ALSO AUTHOR
perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
DESCRIPTION Signals Handling the SIGHUP Signal in Daemons
Named Pipes Deferred Signals (Safe Signals) Long running opcodes, Interrupting IO, Restartable system calls, Signals as "faults", Signals triggered by operating system state
Using open() for IPC Filehandles Background Processes Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent Safe Pipe Opens Bidirectional Communication with Another Process Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
Sockets: Client/Server Communication Internet Line Terminators Internet TCP Clients and Servers Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
TCP Clients with IO::Socket A Simple Client "Proto", "PeerAddr", "PeerPort"
A Webget Client Interactive Client with IO::Socket
TCP Servers with IO::Socket Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
UDP: Message Passing SysV IPC NOTES BUGS AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to files, directories and network sockets
Resource limits Killing the parent process Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented, Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger application, Thread-safety of extensions
BUGS AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Storing numbers Numeric operators and numeric conversions Flavors of Perl numeric operationsArithmetic operators, ++, Arithmetic operators during "use integer", Other mathematical operators, Bitwise operators, Bitwise operators during "use integer", Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a string
AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
DESCRIPTION Status What Is A Thread Anyway? Threaded Program Models Boss/Worker Work Crew Pipeline
What kind of threads are Perl threads? Thread-Safe Modules Thread Basics Basic Thread Support A Note about the Examples Creating Threads Waiting For A Thread To Exit Ignoring A Thread
Threads And Data Shared And Unshared Data Thread Pitfalls: Races
Synchronization and control
Controlling access: lock()
A Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
Queues: Passing Data Around
Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
Basic semaphores
Advanced Semaphores
cond_wait() and cond_signal() Giving up control
General Thread Utility Routines What Thread Am I In? Thread IDs Are These Threads The Same? What Threads Are Running?
A Complete Example Different implementations of threads Performance considerations Process-scope Changes Thread-Safety of System Libraries Conclusion Bibliography Introductory Texts OS-Related References Other References
Acknowledgements AUTHOR Copyrights
perlothrtut - old tutorial on threads in Perl
DESCRIPTION What Is A Thread Anyway? Threaded Program Models Boss/Worker Work Crew Pipeline
Native threads What kind of threads are perl threads? Threadsafe Modules Thread Basics Basic Thread Support Creating Threads Giving up control Waiting For A Thread To Exit Errors In Threads Ignoring A Thread
Threads And Data Shared And Unshared Data Thread Pitfall: Races Controlling access: lock() Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks Queues: Passing Data Around
Threads And Code Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines Subroutine Locks Methods Locking A Subroutine
General Thread Utility Routines What Thread Am I In? Thread IDs Are These Threads The Same? What Threads Are Running?
A Complete Example Conclusion Bibliography Introductory Texts OS-Related References Other References
Acknowledgements AUTHOR Copyrights
perlport - Writing portable Perl
DESCRIPTION Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already is portable
ISSUES Newlines Numbers endianness and Width Files and Filesystems System Interaction Command names versus file pathnames Networking Interprocess Communication (IPC) External Subroutines (XS) Standard Modules Time and Date Character sets and character encoding Internationalisation System Resources Security Style
CPAN Testers PLATFORMS Unix DOS and Derivatives Mac OS VMS VOS EBCDIC Platforms Acorn RISC OS Other perls
FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions -X, atan2 Y,X, atan2, binmode, chmod, chown, chroot, crypt, dbmclose, dbmopen, dump, exec, exit, fcntl, flock, fork, getlogin, getpgrp, getppid, getpriority, getpwnam, getgrnam, getnetbyname, getpwuid, getgrgid, getnetbyaddr, getprotobynumber, getservbyport, getpwent, getgrent, gethostbyname, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, sethostent, setnetent, setprotoent, setservent, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob, gmtime, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill, link, localtime, lstat, msgctl, msgget, msgsnd, msgrcv, open, pipe, readlink, rename, select, semctl, semget, semop, setgrent, setpgrp, setpriority, setpwent, setsockopt, shmctl, shmget, shmread, shmwrite, sockatmark, socketpair, stat, symlink, syscall, sysopen, system, times, truncate, umask, utime, wait, waitpid
Supported Platforms SEE ALSO AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization)
DESCRIPTION PREPARING TO USE LOCALES USING LOCALES The use locale pragma The setlocale function Finding locales LOCALE PROBLEMS Temporarily fixing locale problems Permanently fixing locale problems Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration Fixing system locale configuration The localeconv function I18N::Langinfo
LOCALE CATEGORIES Category LC_COLLATE: Collation Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts LC_TIME Other categories
SECURITY ENVIRONMENT PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
NOTES Backward compatibility I18N:Collate obsolete Sort speed and memory use impacts write() and LC_NUMERIC Freely available locale definitions I18n and l10n An imperfect standard
Unicode and UTF-8 BUGS Broken systems
SEE ALSO HISTORY
perluniintro - Perl Unicode introduction
DESCRIPTION Unicode Perl's Unicode Support Perl's Unicode Model Unicode and EBCDIC Creating Unicode Handling Unicode Legacy Encodings Unicode I/O Displaying Unicode As Text Special Cases Advanced Topics Miscellaneous Questions With Answers Hexadecimal Notation Further Resources
UNICODE IN OLDER PERLS SEE ALSO ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AUTHOR, COPYRIGHT, AND LICENSE
perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
DESCRIPTION Important Caveats Input and Output Layers, Regular Expressions, "use utf8" still needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts, BOM-marked scripts and UTF-16 scripts autodetected, "use encoding" needed to upgrade non-Latin-1 byte strings
Byte and Character Semantics Effects of Character Semantics Scripts Blocks User-Defined Character Properties Character Encodings for Input and Output Unicode Regular Expression Support Level Unicode Encodings Security Implications of Unicode Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC Locales When Unicode Does Not Happen Forcing Unicode in Perl (Or Unforcing Unicode in Perl) Using Unicode in XS
BUGS Interaction with Locales Interaction with Extensions Speed Porting code from perl-5.6.X
SEE ALSO
perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
DESCRIPTION COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS ASCII ISO 8859 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) EBCDIC 13 variant characters 0037 1047 POSIX-BC Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC Unicode and UTF Using Encode
SINGLE OCTET TABLES recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4, recipe 5, recipe 6
IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS CONVERSIONS tr/// iconv C RTL
OPERATOR DIFFERENCES FUNCTION DIFFERENCES chr(), ord(), pack(), print(), printf(), sort(), sprintf(), unpack()
REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES SOCKETS SORTING Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. MONO CASE then sort data. Convert, sort data, then re convert. Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
TRANSFORMATION FORMATS URL decoding and encoding uu encoding and decoding Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding Caesarian ciphers
Hashing order and checksums I18N AND L10N MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS OS ISSUES OS/400 PASE, IFS access
OS/390, z/OS chcp, dataset access, OS/390, z/OS iconv, locales
VM/ESA? POSIX-BC?
BUGS SEE ALSO REFERENCES HISTORY AUTHOR
perlsec - Perl security
DESCRIPTION Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data Switches On the "#!" Line Taint mode and @INC Cleaning Up Your Path Security Bugs Protecting Your Programs Unicode Algorithmic Complexity Attacks
SEE ALSO
perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
DESCRIPTION Packages Symbol Tables BEGIN, CHECK, INIT and END Perl Classes Perl Modules Making your module threadsafe
SEE ALSO
perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY Pragmatic Modules assertions::compat, attributes, attrs, autouse, base, bigint, bignum, bigrat, blib, bytes, charnames, constant, diagnostics, encoding, fields, filetest, if, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops, overload, re, sigtrap, sort, strict, subs, threads, threads::shared, utf8, vars, vmsish, warnings, warnings::register
Standard ModulesAnyDBM_File, Archive::Tar, Archive::Tar::File, Attribute::Handlers, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Concise, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI, CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push, CGI::Switch, CGI::Util, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy, Class::ISA, Class::Struct, Compress::Zlib, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Data::Dumper, Devel::DProf, Devel::PPPort, Devel::Peek, Devel::SelfStubber, Digest, Digest::MD5, Digest::base, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, Encode, Encode::Alias, Encode::Byte, Encode::CJKConstants, Encode::CN, Encode::CN::HZ, Encode::Config, Encode::EBCDIC, Encode::Encoder, Encode::Encoding, Encode::Guess, Encode::JP, Encode::JP::H2Z, Encode::JP::JIS7, Encode::KR, Encode::KR::2022_KR, Encode::MIME::Header, Encode::PerlIO, Encode::Supported, Encode::Symbol, Encode::TW, Encode::Unicode, Encode::Unicode::UTF7, English, Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::CBuilder, ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Windows, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Command::MM, ExtUtils::Constant, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM, ExtUtils::MM_AIX, ExtUtils::MM_Any, ExtUtils::MM_BeOS, ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_DOS, ExtUtils::MM_MacOS, ExtUtils::MM_NW5, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_QNX, ExtUtils::MM_UWIN, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MM_VOS, ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MM_Win95, ExtUtils::MY, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Config, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Tutorial, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::bytes, ExtUtils::MakeMaker::vmsish, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, ExtUtils::ParseXS, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Cygwin, File::Spec::Epoc, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, Filter::Simple, Filter::Util::Call, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, Hash::Util, I18N::Collate, I18N::LangTags, I18N::LangTags::List, I18N::Langinfo, IO, IO::Dir, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe, IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Zlib, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, IPC::SysV, IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::SysV::Semaphore, List::Util, Locale::Constants, Locale::Country, Locale::Currency, Locale::Language, Locale::Maketext, Locale::Maketext::TPJ13, Locale::Script, MIME::Base64, MIME::Base64::QuotedPrint, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigInt::Calc, Math::BigInt::FastCalc, Math::BigRat, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Memoize, Memoize::AnyDBM_File, Memoize::Expire, Memoize::ExpireFile, Memoize::ExpireTest, Memoize::NDBM_File, Memoize::SDBM_File, Memoize::Storable, NDBM_File, NEXT, Net::Cmd, Net::Config, Net::Domain, Net::FTP, Net::NNTP, Net::Netrc, Net::POP3, Net::Ping, Net::SMTP, Net::Time, Net::hostent, Net::libnetFAQ, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, POSIX, PerlIO, PerlIO::encoding, PerlIO::scalar, PerlIO::via, PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find, Pod::Functions, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseLink, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser, Pod::Perldoc::ToChecker, Pod::Perldoc::ToMan, Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff, Pod::Perldoc::ToPod, Pod::Perldoc::ToRtf, Pod::Perldoc::ToText, Pod::Perldoc::ToTk, Pod::Perldoc::ToXml, Pod::PlainText, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Overstrike, Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Scalar::Util, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Storable, Switch, Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Builder, Test::Harness, Test::Harness::Assert, Test::Harness::Iterator, Test::Harness::Point, Test::Harness::Straps, Test::More, Test::Simple, Test::Tutorial, Text::Abbrev, Text::Balanced, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Tabs, Text::Wrap, Thread, Thread::Queue, Thread::Semaphore, Thread::Signal, Thread::Specific, Tie::Array, Tie::File, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::Memoize, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::HiRes, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Unicode::UCD, User::grent, User::pwent, Win32, XS::APItest, XS::Typemap, XSLoader
Extension Modules
CPAN Africa South Africa
Asia China, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
Central America Costa Rica
Europe Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom
North America Canada, Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Mexico, United States, Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin
Oceania Australia, New Zealand, United States
South America Argentina, Brazil, Chile
RSYNC Mirrors
Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse Guidelines for Module Creation Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
NOTE
perlmodstyle - Perl module style guide
INTRODUCTION QUICK CHECKLIST Before you start The API Stability Documentation Release considerations
BEFORE YOU START WRITING A MODULE Has it been done before? Do one thing and do it well What's in a name?
DESIGNING AND WRITING YOUR MODULE To OO or not to OO? Designing your APIWrite simple routines to do simple things, Separate functionality from output, Provide sensible shortcuts and defaults, Naming conventions, Parameter passing
Strictness and warnings Backwards compatibility Error handling and messages
DOCUMENTING YOUR MODULE POD README, INSTALL, release notes, changelogs perl Makefile.PL, make, make test, make install, perl Build.PL, perl Build, perl Build test, perl Build install
RELEASE CONSIDERATIONS Version numbering Pre-requisites Testing Packaging Licensing
COMMON PITFALLS Reinventing the wheel Trying to do too much Inappropriate documentation
SEE ALSOperlstyle, perlnewmod, perlpod, podchecker, Packaging Tools, Testing tools, http://pause.perl.org/, Any good book on software engineering
AUTHOR
perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
DESCRIPTION
PREAMBLE
DECOMPRESS the file, UNPACK the file into a directory, BUILD the module (sometimes unnecessary), INSTALL the module
PORTABILITY HEY AUTHOR COPYRIGHT
perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
DESCRIPTION Warning What should I make into a module? Step-by-step: Preparing the ground Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
Step-by-step: Making the module Start with module-starter or h2xs, Use strict and warnings, Use Carp, Use Exporter - wisely!, Use plain old documentation, Write tests, Write the README
Step-by-step: Distributing your module Get a CPAN user ID, "perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist", Upload the tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
DESCRIPTION DOCUMENTATION perldoc, pod2man and pod2text, pod2html and pod2latex, pod2usage, podselect, podchecker, splain, roffitall
CONVERTORS a2p, s2p, find2perl
Administration libnetcfg
Development perlbug, h2ph, c2ph and pstruct, h2xs, dprofpp, perlcc
SEE ALSO
perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
DESCRIPTION Layout B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
Using The Back Ends The Cross Referencing Back End i, &, s, r
The Decompiling Back End The Lint Back End The Simple C Back End The Bytecode Back End The Optimized C Back End
Module List for the Compiler Suite B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Concise, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
KNOWN PROBLEMS AUTHOR
perlfilter - Source Filters
DESCRIPTION
CONCEPTS
USING FILTERS
WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
Decryption Filters
CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER CONCLUSION THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR Some Filters Clobber the "DATA" Handle
REQUIREMENTS AUTHOR Copyrights
perlglossary - Perl Glossary
DESCRIPTIONA accessor methods, actual arguments, address operator, algo rithm, alias, alternatives, anonymous, architecture, argument, ARGV, arithmetical operator, array, array context, ASCII, assertion, assignment, assignment operator, associative array, associativity, asynchronous, atom, atomic operation, attribute, autogeneration, autoincrement, autoload, autosplit, autovivification, AV, awk
B backreference, backtracking, backward compatibility, bareword, base class, big-endian, binary, binary operator, bind, bit, bit shift, bit string, bless, block, BLOCK, block buffering, Boolean, Boolean context, breakpoint, broadcast, BSD, bucket, buffer, built-in, bundle, byte, bytecode
C C, C preprocessor, call by reference, call by value, callback, canonical, capturing, character, character class, character property, circumfix operator, class, class method, client, cloister, closure, cluster, CODE, code generator, code subpattern, collating sequence, command, command buffering, command name, command-line arguments, comment, compilation unit, compile phase, compile time, compiler, composer, concatenation, conditional, connection, construct, constructor, context, continuation, core dump, CPAN, cracker, current package, current working directory, currently selected output channel, CV
D dangling statement, data structure, data type, datagram, DBM,declaration, decrement, default, defined, delimiter, dereference, derived class, descriptor, destroy, destructor, device, directive, directory, directory handle, dispatch, distribution, dweomer, dwimmer, dynamic scoping
E eclectic, element, embedding, empty subclass test, en passant, encapsulation, endian, environment, environment variable, EOF, errno, error, escape sequence, exception, exception handling, exec, executable file, execute, execute bit, exit status, export, expression, extension
F false, FAQ, fatal error, field, FIFO, file, file descriptor, file test operator, fileglob, filehandle, filename, filesystem, filter, flag, floating point, flush, FMTEYEWTK, fork, formal arguments, format, freely available, freely redistributable, freeware, function, funny character, garbage collection
G GID, glob, global, global destruction, glue language, granular ity, greedy, grep, group, GV
H hacker, handler, hard reference, hash, hash table, header file, here document, hexadecimal, home directory, host, hubris, HV
I identifier, impatience, implementation, import, increment, indexing, indirect filehandle, indirect object, indirect object slot, indirection, infix, inheritance, instance, instance variable, integer, interface, interpolation, interpreter, invocant, invocation, I/O, IO, IP, IPC, is-a, iteration, iterator, IV
J JAPH
K key, keyword
L label, laziness, left shift, leftmost longest, lexeme, lexer, lexical analysis, lexical scoping, lexical variable, library, LIFO, line, line buffering, line number, link, LIST, list, list context, list operator, list value, literal, little-endian, local, logical operator, lookahead, lookbehind, loop, loop control statement, loop label, lvaluable, lvalue, lvalue modifier
M magic, magical increment, magical variables, Makefile, man,manpage, matching, member data, memory, metacharacter, metasymbol, method, minimalism, mode, modifier, module, modulus, monger, mortal, multidimensional array, multiple inheritance
N named pipe, namespace, network address, newline, NFS, null character, null list, null string, numeric context, NV, nybble
O object, octal, offset, one-liner, open source software, oper and, operating system, operator, operator overloading, options, overloading, overriding, owner
P package, pad, parameter, parent class, parse tree, parsing, patch, PATH, pathname, pattern, pattern matching, permission bits, Pern, pipe, pipeline, platform, pod, pointer, polymorphism, port, portable, porter, POSIX, postfix, pp, pragma, precedence, prefix, preprocessing, procedure, process, program generator, progressive matching, property, protocol, prototype, pseudofunction, pseudohash, pseudoliteral, public domain, pumpkin, pumpking, PV
Q qualified, quantifier
R readable, reaping, record, recursion, reference, referent, regex, regular expression, regular expression modifier, regular file, relational operator, reserved words, return value, RFC, right shift, root, RTFM, run phase, run time, run-time pattern, RV, rvalue
S scalar, scalar context, scalar literal, scalar value, scalarvariable, scope, scratchpad, script, script kiddie, sed, semaphore, separator, serialization, server, service, setgid, setuid, shared memory, shebang, shell, side effects, signal, signal handler, single inheritance, slice, slurp, socket, soft reference, source filter, stack, standard, standard error, standard I/O, standard input, standard output, stat structure, statement, statement modifier, static, static method, static scoping, static variable, status, STDERR, STDIN, STDIO, STDOUT, stream, string, string context, stringification, struct, structure, subclass, subpattern, subroutine, subscript, substitution, substring, superclass, superuser, SV, switch, switch cluster, switch statement, symbol, symbol table, symbolic debugger, symbolic link, symbolic reference, synchronous, syntactic sugar, syntax, syntax tree, syscall
T tainted, TCP, term, terminator, ternary, text, thread, tie, TMTOWTDI, token, tokener, tokenizing, toolbox approach, transliterate, trigger, trinary, troff, true, truncating, type, type casting, typed lexical, typedef, typeglob, typemap
U UDP, UID, umask, unary operator, Unicode, Unix
V value, variable, variable interpolation, variadic, vector, vir tual, void context, v-string
W warning, watch expression, whitespace, word, working directory, wrapper, WYSIWYG
X XS, XSUB
Y yacc
Z zero width, zombie
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
DESCRIPTION
PREAMBLE
Use C from Perl?, Use a Unix program from Perl?, Use Perl from Perl?, Use C from C?, Use Perl from C?
ROADMAP Compiling your C program Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program Maintaining a persistent interpreter Execution of END blocks Maintaining multiple interpreter instances Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
Embedding Perl under Win32 Hiding Perl_ MORAL AUTHOR COPYRIGHT
perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
DESCRIPTION Debugger Internals Writing Your Own Debugger
Frame Listing Output Examples Debugging regular expressions Compile-time output "anchored" STRING "at" POS, "floating" STRING "at" POS1..POS2, "matching floating/anchored", "minlen", "stclass" TYPE, "noscan", "isall", "GPOS", "plus", "implicit", "with eval", "anchored(TYPE)"
Types of nodes Run-time output
Debugging Perl memory usage Using $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS} "buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)", Free/Used, "Total sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS", "pad: 0", "heads: 2192", "chain: 0", "tail: 6144"
SEE ALSO
perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
DESCRIPTION SPECIAL NOTES make Version caveat Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
TUTORIAL EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2 What has gone on? Writing good test scripts EXAMPLE 3 What's new here? Input and Output Parameters The XSUBPP Program The TYPEMAP file Warning about Output Arguments EXAMPLE 4 What has happened here? Anatomy of .xs file Getting the fat out of XSUBs More about XSUB arguments The Argument Stack Extending your Extension Documenting your Extension Installing your Extension EXAMPLE 5 New Things in this Example EXAMPLE 6 New Things in this Example EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon) EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon) EXAMPLE 9 Passing open files to XSes Troubleshooting these Examples
See also Author Last Changed
perlxs - XS language reference manual
DESCRIPTION Introduction On The Road The Anatomy of an XSUB The Argument Stack The RETVAL Variable Returning SVs, AVs and HVs through RETVAL The MODULE Keyword The PACKAGE Keyword The PREFIX Keyword The OUTPUT: Keyword The NO_OUTPUT Keyword The CODE: Keyword The INIT: Keyword The NO_INIT Keyword Initializing Function Parameters Default Parameter Values The PREINIT: Keyword The SCOPE: Keyword The INPUT: Keyword The IN/OUTLIST/IN_OUTLIST/OUT/IN_OUT Keywords The "length(NAME)" Keyword Variable-length Parameter Lists The C_ARGS: Keyword The PPCODE: Keyword Returning Undef And Empty Lists The REQUIRE: Keyword The CLEANUP: Keyword The POSTCALL: Keyword The BOOT: Keyword The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword The PROTOTYPES: Keyword The PROTOTYPE: Keyword The ALIAS: Keyword The OVERLOAD: Keyword The FALLBACK: Keyword The INTERFACE: Keyword The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword The INCLUDE: Keyword The CASE: Keyword The & Unary Operator Inserting POD, Comments and C Preprocessor Directives Using XS With C++ Interface Strategy Perl Objects And C Structures The Typemap Safely Storing Static Data in XS MY_CXT_KEY, typedef my_cxt_t, START_MY_CXT, MY_CXT_INIT, dMY_CXT, MY_CXT
EXAMPLES XS VERSION AUTHOR
perlclib - Internal replacements for standard C library functions
DESCRIPTION Conventions "t", "p", "n", "s"
File Operations File Input and Output File Positioning Memory Management and String Handling Character Class Tests stdlib.h functions Miscellaneous functions
SEE ALSO
perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
DESCRIPTION Variables Datatypes What is an "IV"? Working with SVs Offsets What's Really Stored in an SV? Working with AVs Working with HVs Hash API Extensions AVs, HVs and undefined values References Blessed References and Class Objects Creating New Variables GV_ADDMULTI, GV_ADDWARN
Reference Counts and Mortality
Stashes and Globs
Double-Typed SVs
Magic Variables
Assigning Magic
Magic Virtual Tables
Finding Magic
Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
Localizing changes"SAVEINT(int i)", "SAVEIV(IV i)", "SAVEI32(I32 i)", "SAVELONG(long i)", SAVESPTR(s), SAVEPPTR(p), "SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)", "SAVEMORTALIZESV(SV *sv)", "SAVEFREEOP(OP *op)", SAVEFREEPV(p), "SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)", "SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char *key, I32
length)", "SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
*p)", "SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)", "SAVESTACK_POS()", "SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)", "AV* save_ary(GV *gv)", "HV* save_hash(GV *gv)", "void save_item(SV *item)", "void
save_list(SV **sarg, I32 maxsarg)", "SV* save_svref(SV
**sptr)", "void save_aptr(AV **aptr)", "void save_hptr(HV
**hptr)"
Subroutines XSUBs and the Argument Stack Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs Memory Allocation PerlIO Putting a C value on Perl stack Scratchpads Scratchpads and recursion
Compiled code Code tree Examining the tree Compile pass 1: check routines Compile pass 1a: constant folding Compile pass 2: context propagation Compile pass 3: peephole optimization Pluggable runops
Examining internal data structures with the "dump" functions How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT So what happened to dTHR? How do I use all this in extensions? Should I do anything special if I call perl from multiple threads? Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
Internal Functions A, p, d, s, n, r, f, M, o, x, m, X, E, b
Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs Pointer-To-Integer and Integer-To-Pointer Source Documentation Backwards compatibility
Unicode Support What is Unicode, anyway? How can I recognise a UTF-8 string? How does UTF-8 represent Unicode characters? How does Perl store UTF-8 strings? How do I convert a string to UTF-8? Is there anything else I need to know?
Custom Operators AUTHORS SEE ALSO
perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
DESCRIPTION An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
FLAG VALUES G_VOID G_SCALAR G_ARRAY G_DISCARD G_NOARGS G_EVAL G_KEEPERR Determining the Context
EXAMPLES No Parameters, Nothing returned Passing Parameters Returning a Scalar Returning a list of values Returning a list in a scalar context Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list Using G_EVAL Using G_KEEPERR Using call_sv Using call_argv Using call_method Using GIMME_V Using Perl to dispose of temporaries Strategies for storing Callback Context Information 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl callback
Alternate Stack Manipulation Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
SEE ALSO AUTHOR DATE
perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
DESCRIPTION "Gimme" Values GIMME , GIMME_V , G_ARRAY , G_DISCARD , G_EVAL , G_NOARGS , G_SCALAR , G_VOID
Array Manipulation Functions AvFILL , av_clear , av_delete , av_exists , av_extend , av_fetch , av_fill , av_len , av_make , av_pop , av_push , av_shift , av_store , av_undef , av_unshift , get_av , newAV , sortsv
Callback Functions call_argv , call_method , call_pv , call_sv , ENTER , eval_pv , eval_sv , FREETMPS , LEAVE , SAVETMPS
Character classes isALNUM , isALPHA , isDIGIT , isLOWER , isSPACE , isUPPER , toLOWER , toUPPER
Cloning an interpreter perl_clone
CV Manipulation Functions CvSTASH , get_cv
Embedding Functions cv_undef , load_module , nothreadhook , perl_alloc , perl_construct , perl_destruct , perl_free , perl_parse , perl_run , require_pv
Functions in file pp_pack.c packlist , pack_cat , unpackstring , unpack_str
Global Variables PL_modglobal , PL_na , PL_sv_no , PL_sv_undef , PL_sv_yes
GV Functions GvSV , gv_fetchmeth , gv_fetchmethod , gv_fetchmethod_autoload , gv_fetchmeth_autoload , gv_stashpv , gv_stashpvn , gv_stashsv
Handy Values Nullav , Nullch , Nullcv , Nullhv , Nullsv
Hash Manipulation Functions get_hv , HEf_SVKEY , HeHASH , HeKEY , HeKLEN , HePV , HeSVKEY , HeSVKEY_force , HeSVKEY_set , HeVAL , HvNAME , hv_clear , hv_clear_placeholders , hv_delete , hv_delete_ent , hv_exists , hv_exists_ent , hv_fetch , hv_fetch_ent , hv_iterinit , hv_iterkey , hv_iterkeysv , hv_iternext , hv_iternextsv , hv_iternext_flags , hv_iterval , hv_magic , hv_scalar , hv_store , hv_store_ent , hv_undef , newHV
Magical Functions mg_clear , mg_copy , mg_find , mg_free , mg_get , mg_length , mg_magical , mg_set , SvGETMAGIC , SvLOCK , SvSETMAGIC , SvSetMagicSV , SvSetMagicSV_nosteal , SvSetSV , SvSetSV_nosteal , SvSHARE , SvUNLOCK
Memory Management Copy , CopyD , Move , MoveD , Newx , Newxc , Newxz , Poison , Renew , Renewc , Safefree , savepv , savepvn , savesharedpv , savesvpv , StructCopy , Zero , ZeroD
Miscellaneous Functions fbm_compile , fbm_instr , form , getcwd_sv , strEQ , strGE , strGT , strLE , strLT , strNE , strnEQ , strnNE , sv_nolocking , sv_nosharing , sv_nounlocking
Numeric functions grok_bin , grok_hex , grok_number , grok_numeric_radix , grok_oct , scan_bin , scan_hex , scan_oct
Optree Manipulation Functions cv_const_sv , newCONSTSUB , newXS
Pad Data Structures pad_sv
Stack Manipulation Macros dMARK , dORIGMARK , dSP , EXTEND , MARK , mPUSHi , mPUSHn , mPUSHp , mPUSHu , mXPUSHi , mXPUSHn , mXPUSHp , mXPUSHu , ORIGMARK , POPi , POPl , POPn , POPp , POPpbytex , POPpx , POPs , PUSHi , PUSHMARK , PUSHmortal , PUSHn , PUSHp , PUSHs , PUSHu , PUTBACK , SP , SPAGAIN , XPUSHi , XPUSHmortal , XPUSHn , XPUSHp , XPUSHs , XPUSHu , XSRETURN , XSRETURN_EMPTY , XSRETURN_IV , XSRETURN_NO , XSRETURN_NV , XSRETURN_PV , XSRETURN_UNDEF , XSRETURN_UV , XSRETURN_YES , XST_mIV , XST_mNO , XST_mNV , XST_mPV , XST_mUNDEF , XST_mYES
SV Flags svtype , SVt_IV , SVt_NV , SVt_PV , SVt_PVAV , SVt_PVCV , SVt_PVHV , SVt_PVMG
SV Manipulation Functions get_sv , looks_like_number , newRV_inc , newRV_noinc , NEWSV , newSV , newSVhek , newSViv , newSVnv , newSVpv , newSVpvf , newSVpvn , newSVpvn_share , newSVrv , newSVsv , newSVuv , SvCUR , SvCUR_set , SvEND , SvGROW , SvIOK , SvIOKp , SvIOK_notUV , SvIOK_off , SvIOK_on , SvIOK_only , SvIOK_only_UV , SvIOK_UV , SvIsCOW , SvIsCOW_shared_hash , SvIV , SvIVX , SvIVx , SvIV_set , SvLEN , SvLEN_set , SvMAGIC_set , SvNIOK , SvNIOKp , SvNIOK_off , SvNOK , SvNOKp , SvNOK_off , SvNOK_on , SvNOK_only , SvNV , SvNVX , SvNVx , SvNV_set , SvOK , SvOOK , SvPOK , SvPOKp , SvPOK_off , SvPOK_on , SvPOK_only , SvPOK_only_UTF8 , SvPV , SvPVbyte , SvPVbytex , SvPVbytex_force , SvPVbyte_force , SvPVbyte_nolen , SvPVutf8 , SvPVutf8x , SvPVutf8x_force , SvPVutf8_force , SvPVutf8_nolen , SvPVX , SvPVx , SvPV_force , SvPV_force_nomg , SvPV_nolen , SvPV_set , SvREFCNT , SvREFCNT_dec , SvREFCNT_inc , SvROK , SvROK_off , SvROK_on , SvRV , SvRV_set , SvSTASH , SvSTASH_set , SvTAINT , SvTAINTED , SvTAINTED_off , SvTAINTED_on , SvTRUE , SvTYPE , SvUOK , SvUPGRADE , SvUTF8 , SvUTF8_off , SvUTF8_on , SvUV , SvUVX , SvUVx , SvUV_set , sv_2bool , sv_2cv , sv_2io , sv_2iv , sv_2mortal , sv_2nv , sv_2pvbyte , sv_2pvbyte_nolen , sv_2pvutf8 , sv_2pvutf8_nolen , sv_2pv_flags , sv_2pv_nolen , sv_2uv , sv_backoff , sv_bless , sv_catpv , sv_catpvf , sv_catpvf_mg , sv_catpvn , sv_catpvn_flags , sv_catpvn_mg , sv_catpvn_nomg , sv_catpv_mg , sv_catsv , sv_catsv_flags , sv_catsv_mg , sv_catsv_nomg , sv_chop , sv_clear , sv_cmp , sv_cmp_locale , sv_collxfrm , sv_copypv , sv_dec , sv_derived_from , sv_eq , sv_force_normal , sv_force_normal_flags , sv_free , sv_gets , sv_grow , sv_inc , sv_insert , sv_isa , sv_isobject , sv_iv , sv_len , sv_len_utf8 , sv_magic , sv_magicext , sv_mortalcopy , sv_newmortal , sv_newref , sv_nv , sv_pos_b2u , sv_pos_u2b , sv_pv , sv_pvbyte , sv_pvbyten , sv_pvbyten_force , sv_pvn , sv_pvn_force , sv_pvn_force_flags , sv_pvutf8 , sv_pvutf8n , sv_pvutf8n_force , sv_reftype , sv_replace , sv_report_used , sv_reset , sv_rvweaken , sv_setiv , sv_setiv_mg , sv_setnv , sv_setnv_mg , sv_setpv , sv_setpvf , sv_setpvf_mg , sv_setpviv , sv_setpviv_mg , sv_setpvn , sv_setpvn_mg , sv_setpv_mg , sv_setref_iv , sv_setref_nv , sv_setref_pv , sv_setref_pvn , sv_setref_uv , sv_setsv , sv_setsv_flags , sv_setsv_mg , sv_setsv_nomg , sv_setuv , sv_setuv_mg , sv_taint , sv_tainted , sv_true , sv_unmagic , sv_unref , sv_unref_flags , sv_untaint , sv_upgrade , sv_usepvn , sv_usepvn_mg , sv_utf8_decode , sv_utf8_downgrade , sv_utf8_encode , sv_utf8_upgrade , sv_utf8_upgrade_flags , sv_uv , sv_vcatpvf , sv_vcatpvfn , sv_vcatpvf_mg , sv_vsetpvf , sv_vsetpvfn , sv_vsetpvf_mg
Unicode Support bytes_from_utf8 , bytes_to_utf8 , ibcmp_utf8 , is_utf8_char , is_utf8_string , is_utf8_string_loc , is_utf8_string_loclen , pv_uni_display , sv_cat_decode , sv_recode_to_utf8 , sv_uni_display , to_utf8_case , to_utf8_fold , to_utf8_lower , to_utf8_title , to_utf8_upper , utf8n_to_uvchr , utf8n_to_uvuni , utf8_distance , utf8_hop , utf8_length , utf8_to_bytes , utf8_to_uvchr , utf8_to_uvuni , uvchr_to_utf8 , uvuni_to_utf8_flags
Variables created by "xsubpp" and "xsubpp" internal functions ax , CLASS , dAX , dAXMARK , dITEMS , dXSARGS , dXSI32 , items , ix , newXSproto , RETVAL , ST , THIS , XS , XS_VERSION , XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
Warning and Dieing croak , warn
AUTHORS SEE ALSO
perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely internal Perl functions
DESCRIPTION CV reference counts and CvOUTSIDE CvWEAKOUTSIDE
Functions in file pad.h CX_CURPAD_SAVE , CX_CURPAD_SV , PAD_BASE_SV , PAD_CLONE_VARS , PAD_COMPNAME_FLAGS , PAD_COMPNAME_GEN , PAD_COMPNAME_GEN_set , PAD_COMPNAME_OURSTASH , PAD_COMPNAME_PV , PAD_COMPNAME_TYPE , PAD_DUP , PAD_RESTORE_LOCAL , PAD_SAVE_LOCAL , PAD_SAVE_SETNULLPAD , PAD_SETSV , PAD_SET_CUR , PAD_SET_CUR_NOSAVE , PAD_SV , PAD_SVl , SAVECLEARSV , SAVECOMPPAD , SAVEPADSV
Functions in file pp_ctl.c find_runcv
Global Variables PL_DBsingle , PL_DBsub , PL_DBtrace , PL_dowarn , PL_last_in_gv , PL_ofs_sv , PL_rs
GV Functions is_gv_magical
IO Functions start_glob
Pad Data Structures CvPADLIST , cv_clone , cv_dump , do_dump_pad , intro_my , pad_add_anon , pad_add_name , pad_alloc , pad_block_start , pad_check_dup , pad_findlex , pad_findmy , pad_fixup_inner_anons , pad_free , pad_leavemy , pad_new , pad_push , pad_reset , pad_setsv , pad_swipe , pad_tidy , pad_undef
Stack Manipulation Macros djSP , LVRET
SV Manipulation Functions report_uninit , sv_add_arena , sv_clean_all , sv_clean_objs , sv_free_arenas
AUTHORS SEE ALSO
perliol - C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers.
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION History and Background Basic Structure Layers vs Disciplines Data Structures Functions and Attributes Per-instance Data Layers in action. Per-instance flag bitsPERLIO_F_EOF, PERLIO_F_CANWRITE, PERLIO_F_CANREAD, PERLIO_F_ERROR, PERLIO_F_TRUNCATE, PERLIO_F_APPEND, PERLIO_F_CRLF, PERLIO_F_UTF8, PERLIO_F_UNBUF, PERLIO_F_WRBUF, PERLIO_F_RDBUF, PERLIO_F_LINEBUF, PERLIO_F_TEMP, PERLIO_F_OPEN, PERLIO_F_FASTGETS
Methods in Detailfsize, name, size, kind, PERLIO_K_BUFFERED, PERLIO_K_RAW, PERLIO_K_CANCRLF, PERLIO_K_FASTGETS, PERLIO_K_MULTIARG, Pushed, Popped, Open, Binmode, Getarg, Fileno, Dup, Read, Write, Seek, Tell, Close, Flush, Fill, Eof, Error, Clearerr, Setlinebuf, Get_base, Get_bufsiz, Get_ptr, Get_cnt, Set_ptrcnt
Utilities Implementing PerlIO Layers C implementations, Perl implementations
Core Layers "unix", "perlio", "stdio", "crlf", "mmap", "pending", "raw", "utf8"
Extension Layers ":encoding", ":scalar", ":via"
TODO
perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION1. USE_STDIO, 2. USE_SFIO, 3. USE_PERLIO, PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddiinn(()), PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddoouutt(()), PPeerrllIIOO__ssttddeerrrr(()), PerlIO_open(path, mode), PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode), PerlIO_reopen(path,mode,f), PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...), PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a), PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...), PerlIO_read(f,buf,count), PerlIO_write(f,buf,count), PerlIO_close(f), PerlIO_puts(f,s), PerlIO_putc(f,c), PerlIO_ungetc(f,c), PerlIO_getc(f), PerlIO_eof(f), PerlIO_error(f), PerlIO_fileno(f), PerlIO_clearerr(f), PerlIO_flush(f), PerlIO_seek(f,offset,whence), PerlIO_tell(f), PerlIO_getpos(f,p), PerlIO_setpos(f,p), PerlIO_rewind(f), PPeerrllIIOO__ttmmppffiillee(()), PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)
Co-existence with stdioPerlIO_importFILE(f,mode), PerlIO_exportFILE(f,mode), PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f), PerlIO_findFILE(f)
"Fast gets" Functions
PerlIO_fast_gets(f), PerlIO_has_cntptr(f), PerlIO_get_cnt(f), PerlIO_get_ptr(f), PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c), PerlIO_canset_cnt(f), PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c), PerlIO_has_base(f), PerlIO_get_base(f), PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)
Other FunctionsPerlIO_apply_layers(f,mode,layers), PerlIO_binmode(f,ptype,imode,layers), '<' read, '>' write, '+' read/write, PerlIO_debug(fmt,...)
perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
DESCRIPTIONDoes concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is the implementation tested?, Is there enough documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much work?, Patches speak louder than words
Keeping in sync rsync'ing the source tree, Using rsync over the LAN, Using pushing over the NFS, rsync'ing the patches
Why rsync the source tree It's easier to rsync the source tree, It's more reliable
Why rsync the patchesIt's easier to rsync the patches, It's a good reference, Finding a start point, Finding how to fix a bug, Finding the source of misbehaviour
Working with the source Perlbug administration Submitting patches perlguts, perlxstut and perlxs, perlapi, Porting/pumpkin.pod, The perl5-porters FAQ
Finding Your Way Around Core modules, Tests, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter
Elements of the interpreter Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running, Exception handing
Internal Variable Types Op Trees Stacks Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack
Millions of Macros The .i Targets Poking at Perl Using a source-level debugger run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue, finish, 'enter', print
gdb macro support Dumping Perl Data Structures Patching Patching a core module Adding a new function to the core Writing a test t/base/, t/cmd/, t/comp/, t/io/, t/lib/, t/op/, t/pod/, t/run/, t/uni/, t/win32/, t/x2p, t/base t/comp, t/cmd t/run t/io t/op, t/lib ext lib
Special Make Test Targets coretest, test.deparse, test.taintwarn, minitest, test.valgrind check.valgrind utest.valgrind ucheck.valgrind, test.third check.third utest.third ucheck.third, test.torture torturetest, utest ucheck test.utf8 check.utf8, minitest.utf16 test.utf16, test_harness, test-notty test_notty
Running tests by hand -v, -torture, -re=PATTERN, -re LIST OF PATTERNS, PERL_CORE=1, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL=2, PERL, PERL_SKIP_TTY_TEST
EXTERNAL TOOLS FOR DEBUGGING PERL Rational Software's Purify Purify on Unix-Accflags=-DPURIFY, -Doptimize='-g', -Uusemymalloc, -Dusemultiplicity
Purify on NT DEFINES, USE_MULTI = define, #PERL_MALLOC = define, CFG = Debug
valgrind Compaq's/Digital's/HP's Third Degree PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL Profiling Gprof Profiling -a, -b, -e routine, -f routine, -s, -z
GCC gcov Profiling Pixie Profiling -h, -l, -p[rocedures], -h[eavy], -i[nvocations], -l[ines], -testcoverage, -z[ero]
Miscellaneous tricks CONCLUSION The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.
AUTHOR
perlbook - Perl book information
DESCRIPTION
perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
DESCRIPTION The roadmap to 5.10 Needed for a 5.9.4 release Needed for a 5.9.5 release Implement "_ prototype character", Implement "state variables"
Needed for a 5.9.6 release
Tasks that only need Perl knowledge common test code for timed bail out POD -> HTML conversion in the core still sucks Parallel testing Make Schwern poorer Improve the coverage of the core tests test B A decent benchmark fix tainting bugs Dual life everything Improving "threads::shared" POSIX memory footprint
Tasks that need a little sysadmin-type knowledge Relocatable perl make HTML install work compressed man pages Add a code coverage target to the Makefile Make Config.pm cope with differences between build and installed perl make parallel builds work linker specification files
Tasks that need a little C knowledge Make it clear from -v if this is the exact official release Tidy up global variables Ordering of "global" variables. bincompat functions am I hot or not? emulate the per-thread memory pool on Unix reduce duplication in sv_setsv_flags
Tasks that need a knowledge of XS IPv6 shrink "GV"s, "CV"s merge Perl_sv_2[inpu]v UTF8 caching code Implicit Latin 1 => Unicode translation autovivification Unicode in Filenames Unicode in %ENV use less 'memory' Re-implement ":unique" in a way that is actually thread-safe Make tainting consistent readpipe(LIST)
Tasks that need a knowledge of the interpreter lexical pragmas Attach/detach debugger from running program Constant folding LVALUE functions for lists LVALUE functions in the debugger _ prototype character state variables @INC source filter to Filter::Simple regexp optimiser optional UNITCHECK optional optimizer You WANT *how* many lexical aliases entersub XS vs Perl Self ties Optimize away @_ What hooks would assertions need?
Big projects make ithreads more robust iCOW (?{...}) closures in regexps A re-entrant regexp engine
perldoc - Look up Perl documentation in Pod format.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS-h, -v, -t, -u, -m module, -l, -F, -f perlfunc, -q perlfaq-searchregexp, -T, -d destination-filename, -o output-formatname, -M module-name, -w option:value or -w option, -X, PageName|ModuleName|ProgramName, -n some-formatter, -r, -i, -V
SECURITY ENVIRONMENT AUTHOR
perlhist - the Perl history records
DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN PUMPKIN?
THE RECORDS SELECTED RELEASE SIZES SELECTED PATCH SIZES
THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
perldelta - what is new for perl v5.8.8
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata Utility Changes New Documentation Performance Enhancements Installation and Configuration Improvements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals New Tests Known Problems Platform Specific Problems Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl588delta, perldelta - what is new for perl v5.8.8
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata Utility Changes New Documentation Performance Enhancements Installation and Configuration Improvements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals New Tests Known Problems Platform Specific Problems Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl587delta, perldelta - what is new for perl v5.8.7
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Unicode Character Database 4.1.0 suidperl less insecure Optional site customization script "Config.pm" is now much smaller.
Modules and Pragmata Utility Changes find2perl enhancements
Performance Enhancements Installation and Configuration Improvements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals Known Problems Platform Specific Problems Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl586delta - what is new for perl v5.8.6
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata Utility Changes Performance Enhancements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals New Tests Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl585delta - what is new for perl v5.8.5
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata Utility Changes Perl's debugger h2ph
Installation and Configuration Improvements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals Known Problems Platform Specific Problems Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl584delta - what is new for perl v5.8.4
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Malloc wrapping Unicode Character Database 4.0.1 suidperl less insecure format
Modules and Pragmata Updated modules Attribute::Handlers, B, Benchmark, CGI, Carp, Cwd, Exporter, File::Find, IO, IPC::Open3, Local::Maketext, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigRat, MIME::Base64, ODBM_File, POSIX, Shell, Socket, Storable, Switch, Sys::Syslog, Term::ANSIColor, Time::HiRes, Unicode::UCD, Win32, base, open, threads, utf8
Performance Enhancements Utility Changes Installation and Configuration Improvements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals Future Directions Platform Specific Problems Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl583delta - what is new for perl v5.8.3
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata CGI, Cwd, Digest, Digest::MD5, Encode, File::Spec, FindBin, List::Util, Math::BigInt, PodParser, Pod::Perldoc, POSIX, Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Test::Harness, threads::shared
Utility Changes New Documentation Installation and Configuration Improvements Selected Bug Fixes New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals Configuration and Building Platform Specific Problems Known Problems Future Directions Obituary Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl582delta - what is new for perl v5.8.2
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Hash Randomisation Threading
Modules and Pragmata Updated Modules And Pragmata Devel::PPPort, Digest::MD5, I18N::LangTags, libnet, MIME::Base64, Pod::Perldoc, strict, Tie::Hash, Time::HiRes, Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, UNIVERSAL
Selected Bug Fixes Changed Internals Platform Specific Problems Future Directions Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl581delta - what is new for perl v5.8.1
DESCRIPTION Incompatible Changes Hash Randomisation UTF-8 On Filehandles No Longer Activated By Locale Single-number v-strings are no longer v-strings before "=>" (Win32) The -C Switch Has Been Repurposed (Win32) The /d Switch Of cmd.exe
Core Enhancements UTF-8 no longer default under UTF-8 locales Unsafe signals again available Tied Arrays with Negative Array Indices local ${$x} Unicode Character Database 4.0.0 Deprecation Warnings Miscellaneous Enhancements
Modules and Pragmata Updated Modules And Pragmata base, B::Bytecode, B::Concise, B::Deparse, Benchmark, ByteLoader, bytes, CGI, charnames, CPAN, Data::Dumper, DB_File, Devel::PPPort, Digest::MD5, Encode, fields, libnet, Math::BigInt, MIME::Base64, NEXT, Net::Ping, PerlIO::scalar, podlators, Pod::LaTeX, PodParsers, Pod::Perldoc, Scalar::Util, Storable, strict, Term::ANSIcolor, Test::Harness, Test::More, Test::Simple, Text::Balanced, Time::HiRes, threads, threads::shared, Unicode::Collate, Unicode::Normalize, Win32::GetFolderPath, Win32::GetOSVersion
Utility Changes New Documentation Installation and Configuration Improvements Platform-specific enhancements
Selected Bug Fixes Closures, eval and lexicals Generic fixes Platform-specific fixes
New or Changed Diagnostics Changed "A thread exited while %d threads were running" Removed "Attempt to clear a restricted hash" New "Illegal declaration of anonymous subroutine" Changed "Invalid range "%s" in transliteration operator" New "Missing control char name in \c" New "Newline in left-justified string for %s" New "Possible precedence problem on bitwise %c operator" New "Pseudo-hashes are deprecated" New "read() on %s filehandle %s" New "5.005 threads are deprecated" New "Tied variable freed while still in use" New "To%s: illegal mapping '%s'" New "Use of freed value in iteration"
Changed Internals New Tests Known Problems Tied hashes in scalar context Net::Ping 450_service and 510_ping_udp failures B::C
Platform Specific Problems EBCDIC Platforms Cygwin 1.5 problems HP-UX: HP cc warnings about sendfile and sendpath IRIX: t/uni/tr_7jis.t falsely failing Mac OS X: no usemymalloc Tru64: No threaded builds with GNU cc (gcc) Win32: sysopen, sysread, syswrite
Future Directions Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO
perl58delta - what is new for perl v5.8.0
DESCRIPTION Highlights In 5.8.0 Incompatible Changes Binary Incompatibility 64-bit platforms and malloc AIX Dynaloading Attributes for "my" variables now handled at run-time Socket Extension Dynamic in VMS IEEE-format Floating Point Default on OpenVMS Alpha New Unicode Semantics (no more "use utf8", almost) New Unicode Properties REF(...) Instead Of SCALAR(...) pack/unpack D/F recycled glob() now returns filenames in alphabetical order Deprecations
Core Enhancements Unicode Overhaul PerlIO is Now The Default ithreads Restricted Hashes Safe Signals Understanding of Numbers Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings [561] Miscellaneous Changes
Modules and Pragmata New Modules and Pragmata Updated And Improved Modules and Pragmata
Utility Changes New Documentation Performance Enhancements Installation and Configuration Improvements Generic Improvements New Or Improved Platforms
Selected Bug Fixes Platform Specific Changes and Fixes
New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals Security Vulnerability Closed [561] New Tests Known Problems The Compiler Suite Is Still Very Experimental Localising Tied Arrays and Hashes Is Broken Building Extensions Can Fail Because Of Largefiles Modifying $_ Inside for(..) mod_perl 1.26 Doesn't Build With Threaded Perl lib/ftmp-security tests warn 'system possibly insecure' libwww-perl (LWP) fails base/date #51 PDL failing some tests Perl_get_sv Self-tying Problems ext/threads/t/libc Failure of Thread (5.005-style) tests Timing problems Tied/Magical Array/Hash Elements Do Not Autovivify Unicode in package/class and subroutine names does not work
Platform Specific Problems AIX Alpha systems with old gccs fail several tests AmigaOS BeOS Cygwin "unable to remap" Cygwin ndbm tests fail on FAT DJGPP Failures FreeBSD built with ithreads coredumps reading large directories FreeBSD Failing locale Test 117 For ISO 8859-15 Locales IRIX fails ext/List/Util/t/shuffle.t or Digest::MD5 HP-UX lib/posix Subtest 9 Fails When LP64-Configured Linux with glibc 2.2.5 fails t/op/int subtest #6 with -Duse64bitint Linux With Sfio Fails op/misc Test 48 Mac OS X Mac OS X dyld undefined symbols OS/2 Test Failures op/sprintf tests 91, 129, and 130 SCO Solaris 2.5 Solaris x86 Fails Tests With -Duse64bitint SUPER-UX (NEC SX) Term::ReadKey not working on Win32 UNICOS/mk UTS VOS (Stratus) VMS Win32 XML::Parser not working z/OS (OS/390) Unicode Support on EBCDIC Still Spotty Seen In Perl 5.7 But Gone Now
Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl573delta - what's new for perl v5.7.3
DESCRIPTION Changes Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl572delta - what's new for perl v5.7.2
DESCRIPTION Security Vulnerability Closed Incompatible Changes 64-bit platforms and malloc AIX Dynaloading Socket Extension Dynamic in VMS Different Definition of the Unicode Character Classes \p{In...} Deprecations
Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata New Modules and Distributions Updated And Improved Modules and Pragmata
Utility Changes New Documentation Installation and Configuration Improvements New Or Improved Platforms Generic Improvements
Selected Bug Fixes Platform Specific Changes and Fixes
New or Changed Diagnostics Source Code Enhancements MAGIC constants Better commented code Regex pre-/post-compilation items matched up gcc -Wall
New Tests Known Problems AIX Amiga Perl Invoking Mystery lib/ftmp-security tests warn 'system possibly insecure' Cygwin intermittent failures of lib/Memoize/t/expire_file 11 and 12 HP-UX lib/io_multihomed Fails When LP64-Configured HP-UX lib/posix Subtest 9 Fails When LP64-Configured Linux With Sfio Fails op/misc Test 48 OS/390 op/sprintf tests 129 and 130 Failure of Thread tests UNICOS UTS VMS Win32 Localising a Tied Variable Leaks Memory Self-tying of Arrays and Hashes Is Forbidden Variable Attributes are not Currently Usable for Tieing Building Extensions Can Fail Because Of Largefiles The Compiler Suite Is Still Experimental The Long Double Support is Still Experimental
Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl571delta - what's new for perl v5.7.1
DESCRIPTION Security Vulnerability Closed Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements AUTOLOAD Is Now Lvaluable PerlIO is Now The Default Signals Are Now Safe
Modules and Pragmata New Modules Updated And Improved Modules and Pragmata
Performance Enhancements Utility Changes New Documentation perlclib perliol README.aix README.bs2000 README.macos README.mpeix README.solaris README.vos Porting/repository.pod
Installation and Configuration Improvements New Or Improved Platforms Generic Improvements d_cmsghdr, d_fcntl_can_lock, d_fsync, d_getitimer, d_getpagsz, d_msghdr_s, need_va_copy, d_readv, d_recvmsg, d_sendmsg, sig_size, d_sockatmark, d_strtoq, d_u32align, d_ualarm, d_usleep
Selected Bug Fixes Platform Specific Changes and Fixes
New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals New Tests Known Problems AIX vac 5.0.0.0 May Produce Buggy Code For Perl lib/ftmp-security tests warn 'system possibly insecure' lib/io_multihomed Fails In LP64-Configured HP-UX Test lib/posix Subtest 9 Fails In LP64-Configured HP-UX lib/b test 19 Linux With Sfio Fails op/misc Test 48 sigaction test 13 in VMS sprintf tests 129 and 130 Failure of Thread tests Localising a Tied Variable Leaks Memory Self-tying of Arrays and Hashes Is Forbidden Building Extensions Can Fail Because Of Largefiles The Compiler Suite Is Still Experimental
Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl570delta - what's new for perl v5.7.0
DESCRIPTION Security Vulnerability Closed Incompatible Changes Core Enhancements Modules and Pragmata New Modules Updated And Improved Modules and Pragmata
Utility Changes New Documentation Performance Enhancements Installation and Configuration Improvements Generic Improvements
Selected Bug Fixes Platform Specific Changes and Fixes
New or Changed Diagnostics Changed Internals Known Problems Unicode Support Still Far From Perfect EBCDIC Still A Lost Platform Building Extensions Can Fail Because Of Largefiles ftmp-security tests warn 'system possibly insecure' Test lib/posix Subtest 9 Fails In LP64-Configured HP-UX Long Doubles Still Don't Work In Solaris Linux With Sfio Fails op/misc Test 48 Storable tests fail in some platforms Threads Are Still Experimental The Compiler Suite Is Still Experimental
Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl561delta - what's new for perl v5.6.x
DESCRIPTION Summary of changes between 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 Security Issues Core bug fixes "UNIVERSAL::isa()", Memory leaks, Numeric conversions, qw(a\\b), caller(), Bugs in regular expressions, "slurp" mode, Autovivification of symbolic references to special variables, Lexical warnings, Spurious warnings and errors, glob(), Tainting, sort(), #line directives, Subroutine prototypes, map(), Debugger, PERL5OPT, chop(), Unicode support, 64-bit support, Compiler, Lvalue subroutines, IO::Socket, File::Find, xsubpp, "no Module;", Tests
Core features Configuration issues Documentation Bundled modules B::Concise, File::Temp, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Text::Overstrike, CGI, CPAN, Class::Struct, DB_File, Devel::Peek, File::Find, Getopt::Long, IO::Poll, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::Complex, Net::Ping, Opcode, Pod::Parser, Pod::Text, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Tie::RefHash, Tie::SubstrHash
Platform-specific improvements NCR MP-RAS, NonStop-UX
Core Enhancements Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency Lexically scoped warning categories Unicode and UTF-8 support Support for interpolating named characters "our" declarations Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals Improved Perl version numbering system New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes File and directory handles can be autovivified open() with more than two arguments 64-bit support Large file support Long doubles "more bits" Enhanced support for sort() subroutines "sort $coderef @foo" allowed File globbing implemented internally Support for CHECK blocks POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported Better pseudo-random number generator Improved "qw//" operator Better worst-case behavior of hashes pack() format 'Z' supported pack() format modifier '!' supported pack() and unpack() support counted strings Comments in pack() templates Weak references Binary numbers supported Lvalue subroutines Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues exists() is supported on subroutine names exists() and delete() are supported on array elements Pseudo-hashes work better Automatic flushing of output buffers Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle eof() has the same old magic as <> binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes "-T" filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text" system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure Improved diagnostics Diagnostics follow STDERR More consistent close-on-exec behavior syswrite() ease-of-use Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators Bit operators support full native integer width Improved security features More functional bareword prototype (*) "require" and "do" may be overridden $^X variables may now have names longer than one character New variable $^C reflects "-c" switch New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string Optional Y2K warnings Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings @- and @+ provide starting/ending offsets of regex submatches
Modules and Pragmata Modules attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English, Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker, podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage, pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname, Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
Pragmata
Utility Changes dprofpp find2perl h2xs perlcc perldoc The Perl Debugger
Improved Documentation perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod, perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod, perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
Performance enhancements Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized Optimized assignments to lexical variables Faster subroutine calls delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
Installation and Configuration Improvements -Dusethreads means something different New Configure flags Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring Long Doubles -Dusemorebits -Duselargefiles installusrbinperl SOCKS support "-A" flag Enhanced Installation Directories gcc automatically tried if 'cc' does not seem to be working
Platform specific changes Supported platforms DOS OS390 (OpenEdition MVS) VMS Win32
Significant bug fixes <HANDLE> on empty files "eval '...'" improvements All compilation errors are true errors Implicitly closed filehandles are safer Behavior of list slices is more consistent "(\$)" prototype and $foo{a} "goto &sub" and AUTOLOAD "-bareword" allowed under "use integer" Failures in DESTROY() Locale bugs fixed Memory leaks Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls Taint failures under "-U" END blocks and the "-c" switch Potential to leak DATA filehandles
New or Changed Diagnostics "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s, / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference, constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated, defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable, Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute: %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub", No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our", No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref, panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
New tests Incompatible Changes Perl Source Incompatibilities CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed, Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form 1.2.3 parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, "undef" fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles, Writing "$$1" to mean "${$}1" is unsupported, delete(), each(), values() and "\(%h)", vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed, "%@" has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype "(*)" have changed, Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their results
C Source Incompatibilities "PERL_POLLUTE", "PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT", "PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC"
Compatible C Source API Changes "PATCHLEVEL" is now "PERL_VERSION"
Binary Incompatibilities
Known Problems Localizing a tied hash element may leak memory Known test failures EBCDIC platforms not fully supported UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run Arrow operator and arrays Experimental featuresThreads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file globbing, The DB module, The regular expression code constructs:
Obsolete Diagnostics Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl56delta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
DESCRIPTION Core Enhancements Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency Lexically scoped warning categories Unicode and UTF-8 support Support for interpolating named characters "our" declarations Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals Improved Perl version numbering system New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes File and directory handles can be autovivified open() with more than two arguments 64-bit support Large file support Long doubles "more bits" Enhanced support for sort() subroutines "sort $coderef @foo" allowed File globbing implemented internally Support for CHECK blocks POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported Better pseudo-random number generator Improved "qw//" operator Better worst-case behavior of hashes pack() format 'Z' supported pack() format modifier '!' supported pack() and unpack() support counted strings Comments in pack() templates Weak references Binary numbers supported Lvalue subroutines Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues exists() is supported on subroutine names exists() and delete() are supported on array elements Pseudo-hashes work better Automatic flushing of output buffers Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle eof() has the same old magic as <> binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes "-T" filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text" system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure Improved diagnostics Diagnostics follow STDERR More consistent close-on-exec behavior syswrite() ease-of-use Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators Bit operators support full native integer width Improved security features More functional bareword prototype (*) "require" and "do" may be overridden $^X variables may now have names longer than one character New variable $^C reflects "-c" switch New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string Optional Y2K warnings Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings @- and @+ provide starting/ending offsets of regex matches
Modules and Pragmata Modules attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English, Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker, podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage, pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname, Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
Pragmata
Utility Changes dprofpp find2perl h2xs perlcc perldoc The Perl Debugger
Improved Documentation perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod, perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod, perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
Performance enhancements Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized Optimized assignments to lexical variables Faster subroutine calls delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
Installation and Configuration Improvements -Dusethreads means something different New Configure flags Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring Long Doubles -Dusemorebits -Duselargefiles installusrbinperl SOCKS support "-A" flag Enhanced Installation Directories
Platform specific changes Supported platforms DOS OS390 (OpenEdition MVS) VMS Win32
Significant bug fixes <HANDLE> on empty files "eval '...'" improvements All compilation errors are true errors Implicitly closed filehandles are safer Behavior of list slices is more consistent "(\$)" prototype and $foo{a} "goto &sub" and AUTOLOAD "-bareword" allowed under "use integer" Failures in DESTROY() Locale bugs fixed Memory leaks Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls Taint failures under "-U" END blocks and the "-c" switch Potential to leak DATA filehandles
New or Changed Diagnostics "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s, / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference, constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated, defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable, Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute: %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub", No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our", No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref, panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
New tests Incompatible Changes Perl Source Incompatibilities CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed, Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form 1.2.3 parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, "undef" fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles, Writing "$$1" to mean "${$}1" is unsupported, delete(), each(), values() and "\(%h)", vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed, "%@" has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype "(*)" have changed, Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their results
C Source Incompatibilities "PERL_POLLUTE", "PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT", "PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC"
Compatible C Source API Changes "PATCHLEVEL" is now "PERL_VERSION"
Binary Incompatibilities
Known Problems Thread test failures EBCDIC platforms not supported In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with gcc UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run Arrow operator and arrays Experimental featuresThreads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file globbing, The DB module, The regular expression code constructs:
Obsolete Diagnostics Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
Reporting Bugs SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl5005delta - what's new for perl5.005
DESCRIPTION About the new versioning system Incompatible Changes WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004. Default installation structure has changed Perl Source Compatibility C Source Compatibility Binary Compatibility Security fixes may affect compatibility Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004 Licensing
Core Changes Threads Compiler Regular ExpressionsMany new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other improvements, Incompatible changes
Improved malloc() Quicksort is internally implemented Reliable signals Reliable stack pointers More generous treatment of carriage returns Memory leaks Better support for multiple interpreters Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined "%!" is transparently tied to the Errno module Pseudo-hashes are supported "EXPR foreach EXPR" is supported Keywords can be globally overridden $^E is meaningful on Win32 "foreach (1..1000000)" optimized "Foo::" can be used as implicitly quoted package name "exists $Foo::{Bar::}" tests existence of a package Better locale support Experimental support for 64-bit platforms prototype() returns useful results on builtins Extended support for exception handling Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods All "printf" format conversions are handled internally New "INIT" keyword New "lock" keyword New "qr//" operator "our" is now a reserved word Tied arrays are now fully supported Tied handles support is better 4th argument to substr Negative LENGTH argument to splice Magic lvalues are now more magical <> now reads in records
Supported Platforms New Platforms Changes in existing support
Modules and Pragmata New ModulesB, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Thread, attrs, fields, re
Changes in existing modules Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File, MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd
Utility Changes Documentation Changes New Diagnostics Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element, Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s: Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method '%s' %s, Reference found where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
Obsolete Diagnostics Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for -e: %s, Cannot open temporary file, regexp too big
Configuration Changes BUGS SEE ALSO HISTORY
perl5004delta - what's new for perl5.004
DESCRIPTION Supported Environments Core Changes List assignment to %ENV works Change to "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003 $PERL5OPT environment variable Limitations on -M, -m, and -T options More precise warnings Deprecated: Inherited "AUTOLOAD" for non-methods Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified Group vector changeable with $) Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc. Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc. No resetting of $. on implicit close "wantarray" may return undef "eval EXPR" determines value of EXPR in scalar context Changes to tainting checks No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
New Opcode module and revised Safe module Embedding improvements Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface New and changed syntax $coderef->(PARAMS)
New and changed builtin constants __PACKAGE__
New and changed builtin variables $^E, $^H, $^M
New and changed builtin functions delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, "m//gc" does not reset search position on failure, "m//x" ignores whitespace before ?*+{}, nested "sub{}" closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
New builtin methods isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
TIEHANDLE now supported TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
Malloc enhancements -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
Support for More Operating Systems Win32 Plan 9 QNX AmigaOS
Pragmata use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
Modules Required Updates Installation directories Module information summary Fcntl IO Math::Complex Math::Trig DB_File Net::Ping Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
Utility Changes pod2html Sends converted HTML to standard output
xsubpp "void" XSUBs now default to returning nothing
C Language API Changes "gv_fetchmethod" and "perl_call_sv", "perl_eval_pv", Extended API for manipulating hashes
Documentation Changes perldelta, perlfaq, perllocale, perltoot, perlapio, perlmodlib, perldebug, perlsec
New Diagnostics"my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number, internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in %s, Too late for "-T" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist, Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX, PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
BUGS SEE ALSO HISTORY
perlartistic - the Perl Artistic License
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION The "Artistic License" Preamble Definitions"Package", "Standard Version", "Copyright Holder", "You", "Reasonable copying fee", "Freely Available"
Conditions a), b), c), d), a), b), c), d)
perlgpl - the GNU General Public License, version 2
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
perlaix, README.aix - Perl version 5 on IBM Unix (AIX) systems
DESCRIPTION Compiling Perl 5 on AIX OS level Building Dynamic Extensions on AIX The IBM ANSI C Compiler The usenm option Using GNU's gcc for building perl Using Large Files with Perl Threaded Perl 64-bit Perl AIX 4.2 and extensions using C++ with statics
AUTHOR DATE
perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS
NOTE
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Prerequisites for Compiling Perl on AmigaOS
Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library, Version of Amiga OS
Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
INSTALLATION Accessing documentation Manpages for Perl on AmigaOS Perl HTML Documentation on AmigaOS Perl GNU Info Files on AmigaOS Perl LaTeX Documentation on AmigaOS
BUILDING PERL ON AMIGAOS Build Prerequisites for Perl on AmigaOS Getting the Perl Source for AmigaOS Making Perl on AmigaOS Testing Perl on AmigaOS Installing the built Perl on AmigaOS
PERL 5.8.0 BROKEN IN AMIGAOS AUTHORS SEE ALSO
perlapollo, README.apollo - Perl version 5 on Apollo DomainOS
DESCRIPTION AUTHOR
perlbeos, README.beos - Perl version 5.8+ on BeOS
DESCRIPTION BUILD AND INSTALL Requirements Configure Build Install
KNOWN PROBLEMS CONTACT
perlbs2000, README.BS2000 - building and installing Perl for BS2000.
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION gzip on BS2000 bison on BS2000 Unpacking Perl Distribution on BS2000 Compiling Perl on BS2000 Testing Perl on BS2000 Installing Perl on BS2000 Using Perl in the Posix-Shell of BS2000 Using Perl in "native" BS2000 Floating point anomalies on BS2000 Using PerlIO and different encodings on ASCII and EBCDIC partitions
AUTHORS SEE ALSO Mailing list
HISTORY
perlce - Perl for WinCE
DESCRIPTION BUILD Tools & SDK Microsoft Embedded Visual Tools, Microsoft Visual C++, Rainer Keuchel's celib-sources, Rainer Keuchel's console-sources
Makego to ./wince subdirectory, edit file compile.bat, run compile.bat, run compile.bat dist
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHORS
perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
SYNOPSIS PREREQUISITES FOR COMPILING PERL ON CYGWIN Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it) Cygwin Configuration "PATH", nroff, Permissions
CONFIGURE PERL ON CYGWIN Stripping Perl Binaries on Cygwin Optional Libraries for Perl on Cygwin "-lcrypt", "-lgdbm" ("use GDBM_File"), "-ldb" ("use DB_File"), "-lcygipc" ("use IPC::SysV"), "-lutil"
Configure-time Options for Perl on Cygwin "-Uusedl", "-Uusemymalloc", "-Uuseperlio", "-Dusemultiplicity", "-Duse64bitint", "-Duselongdouble", "-Dusethreads", "-Duselargefiles", "-Dmksymlinks"
Suspicious Warnings on Cygwin dlsym(), Win9x and "d_eofnblk", Compiler/Preprocessor defines
MAKE ON CYGWIN Errors on Cygwin ld2 on Cygwin
TEST ON CYGWIN File Permissions on Cygwin NDBM_File and ODBM_File do not work on FAT filesystems "fork()" failures in io_* tests
Specific features of the Cygwin port Script Portability on Cygwin Pathnames, Text/Binary, PerlIO, .exe, cygwin vs. windows process ids, "chown()", Miscellaneous
Prebuilt methods: "Cwd::cwd", "Cygwin::pid_to_winpid", "Cygwin::winpid_to_pid"
INSTALL PERL ON CYGWIN MANIFEST ON CYGWIN Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
BUGS ON CYGWIN AUTHORS HISTORY
perldgux - Perl under DG/UX.
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION BUILDING PERL ON DG/UX Non-threaded Perl on DG/UX Threaded Perl on DG/UX Testing Perl on DG/UX Installing the built perl on DG/UX
AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95.
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Prerequisites for Compiling Perl on DOS DJGPP, Pthreads
Shortcomings of Perl under DOS Building Perl on DOS Testing Perl on DOS Installation of Perl on DOS
BUILDING AND INSTALLING MODULES ON DOS Building Prerequisites for Perl on DOS Unpacking CPAN Modules on DOS Building Non-XS Modules on DOS Building XS Modules on DOS
AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perlepoc, README.epoc - Perl for EPOC
SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION INSTALLING PERL ON EPOC STARTING PERL ON EPOC Editors on Epoc Features of Perl on Epoc Restrictions of Perl on Epoc Compiling Perl 5 on the EPOC cross compiling environment
SUPPORT STATUS OF PERL ON EPOC AUTHOR LAST UPDATE
perlfreebsd, README.freebsd - Perl version 5 on FreeBSD systems
DESCRIPTION FreeBSD core dumps from readdir_r with ithreads $^X doesn't always contain a full path in FreeBSD Perl will no longer be part of "base FreeBSD"
AUTHOR
perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix (HP-UX) systems
DESCRIPTION Using perl as shipped with HP-UX Using perl from HP's porting centre Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX PA-RISC Portability Between PA-RISC Versions PA-RISC 1.0 PA-RISC 1.1 PA-RISC 2.0 Itanium Processor Family and HP-UX Itanium & Itanium 2 Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX The HP ANSI C Compiler The GNU C Compiler Using Large Files with Perl on HP-UX Threaded Perl on HP-UX 64-bit Perl on HP-UX Oracle on HP-UX GDBM and Threads on HP-UX NFS filesystems and utime(2) on HP-UX perl -P and // and HP-UX HP-UX Kernel Parameters (maxdsiz) for Compiling Perl
nss_delete core dump from op/pwent or op/grent AUTHOR DATE
perlhurd, README.hurd - Perl version 5 on Hurd
DESCRIPTION Known Problems with Perl on Hurd
AUTHOR
perlirix, README.irix - Perl version 5 on Irix systems
DESCRIPTION Building 32-bit Perl in Irix Building 64-bit Perl in Irix About Compiler Versions of Irix Linker Problems in Irix Malloc in Irix Building with threads in Irix Irix 5.3
AUTHOR
perllinux, README.linux - Perl version 5 on Linux systems
DESCRIPTION Experimental Support for Sun Studio Compilers for Linux OS
AUTHOR
perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen systems
DESCRIPTION Perl version 5.8.x and greater not supported Compiling Perl 5.6.x on MachTen Failures during "make test" on MachTen op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
Building external modules on MachTen
AUTHOR DATE
perlmacos, README.macos - Perl under Mac OS (Classic)
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHOR DATE
perlmacosx, README.macosx - Perl under Mac OS X
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Installation Prefix libperl and Prebinding Updating Apple-supplied Perl 64-bit Perl Intel processor support Universal binaries Known problems MacPerl Carbon Cocoa
Starting From Scratch AUTHOR DATE
perlmint, README.mint - Perl version 5 on Atari MiNT
DESCRIPTION Known problems with Perl on MiNT AUTHOR
perlmpeix, README.mpeix - Perl/iX for HP e3000 MPE
SYNOPSIS NOTE Binary distribution from HP What's New in Perl for MPE/iX Welcome to Perl/iX System Requirements for Perl/iX How to Obtain Perl/iX Perl/iX Distribution Contents HighlightsREADME, INSTALL, LIBSHP3K, PERL, .cpan/, lib/, man/, public_html/feedback.cgi, src/perl-5.6.0-mpe
How to Compile Perl/iX 4, 6
Getting Started with Perl/iX MPE/iX Implementation Considerations Known Perl/iX Bugs Under Investigation Perl/iX To-Do List Perl/iX Change History AUTHOR
perlnetware - Perl for NetWare
DESCRIPTION BUILD Tools & SDK Setup SetNWBld.bat, Buildtype.bat
Make Interpreter Extensions
INSTALL BUILD NEW EXTENSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHORS DATE
perlopenbsd, README.openbsd - Perl version 5 on OpenBSD systems
DESCRIPTION OpenBSD core dumps from getprotobyname_r and getservbyname_r with ithreads
AUTHOR
perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Target Other OSes Prerequisites EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...) Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
Frequently asked questions "It does not work" I cannot run external programs I cannot embed perl into my program, or use perl.dll from my program. Is your program EMX-compiled with "-Zmt -Zcrtdll"?, Did you use ExtUtils::Embed?
`` and pipe-"open" do not work under DOS. Cannot start "find.exe "pattern" file"
INSTALLATION Automatic binary installation "PERL_BADLANG", "PERL_BADFREE", Config.pm
Manual binary installation Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library, Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation, Perl manual in .INF format, Pdksh
Warning
Accessing documentation OS/2 .INF file Plain text Manpages HTML GNU "info" files PDF files "LaTeX" docs
BUILD The short story Prerequisites Getting perl source Application of the patches Hand-editing Making Testing A lot of "bad free", Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, op/fs.t, op/stat.t
Installing the built perl "a.out"-style build
Building a binary distribution Building custom .EXE files Making executables with a custom collection of statically loaded extensions Making executables with a custom search-paths
Build FAQ Some "/" became "\" in pdksh. 'errno' - unresolved external Problems with tr or sed Some problem (forget which ;-) Library ... not found Segfault in make op/sprintf test failure
Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port "setpriority", "getpriority" "system()" "extproc" on the first line Additional modules: Prebuilt methods:"File::Copy::syscopy", "DynaLoader::mod2fname", "Cwd::current_drive()", "Cwd::sys_chdir(name)", "Cwd::change_drive(name)",
"Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)", "Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)",
"Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)", "Cwd::sys_cwd(name)",
"Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)", "Cwd::extLibpath([type])",
"Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )", "OS2::Error(do_harderror,do_exception)", "OS2::Errors2Drive(drive)", OS2::SysInfo(), OS2::BootDrive(), "OS2::MorphPM(serve)", "OS2::UnMorphPM(serve)", "OS2::Serve_Messages(force)", "OS2::Process_Messages(force [, cnt])", "OS2::_control87(new,mask)",
OS2::get_control87(), "OS2::set_control87_em(new=MCW_EM,mask=MCW_EM)", "OS2::DLLname([how [,
\&xsub]])"
Prebuilt variables: $OS2::emx_rev, $OS2::emx_env, $OS2::os_ver, $OS2::is_aout, $OS2::can_fork, $OS2::nsyserror
Misfeatures Modifications "popen", "tmpnam", "tmpfile", "ctermid", "stat", "mkdir", "rmdir", "flock"
Identifying DLLs Centralized management of resources"HAB", "HMQ", Treating errors reported by OS/2 API, "CheckOSError(expr)", "CheckWinError(expr)", "SaveWinError(expr)", "SaveCroakWinError(expr,die,name1,name2)", "WinError_2_Perl_rc", "FillWinError", "FillOSError(rc)", Loading DLLs and ordinals in DLLs
Perl flavors
perl.exe
perl_.exe
perl__.exe
perl___.exe
Why strange names?
Why dynamic linking?
Why chimera build?
ENVIRONMENT "PERLLIB_PREFIX" "PERL_BADLANG" "PERL_BADFREE" "PERL_SH_DIR" "USE_PERL_FLOCK" "TMP" or "TEMP"
Evolution Text-mode filehandles Priorities DLL name mangling: pre 5.6.2 DLL name mangling: 5.6.2 and beyond Global DLLs, specific DLLs, "BEGINLIBPATH" and "ENDLIBPATH", . from "LIBPATH"
DLL forwarder generation Threading Calls to external programs Memory allocation Threads "COND_WAIT", os2.c
BUGS AUTHOR SEE ALSO
perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390 and z/OS
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Tools Unpacking Perl distribution on OS/390 Setup and utilities for Perl on OS/390 Configure Perl on OS/390 Build, Test, Install Perl on OS/390 Build Anomalies with Perl on OS/390 Testing Anomalies with Perl on OS/390 Installation Anomalies with Perl on OS/390 Usage Hints for Perl on OS/390 Floating Point Anomalies with Perl on OS/390 Modules and Extensions for Perl on OS/390
AUTHORS SEE ALSO Mailing list for Perl on OS/390
HISTORY
perlos400, README.os400 - Perl version 5 on OS/400
DESCRIPTION Compiling Perl for OS/400 PASE Installing Perl in OS/400 PASE Using Perl in OS/400 PASE Known Problems Perl on ILE
AUTHORS
perlplan9 - Plan 9-specific documentation for Perl
DESCRIPTION Invoking Perl What's in Plan 9 Perl What's not in Plan 9 Perl Perl5 Functions not currently supported in Plan 9 Perl Signals in Plan 9 Perl
COMPILING AND INSTALLING PERL ON PLAN 9 Installing Perl Documentation on Plan 9
BUGS Revision date AUTHOR
perlqnx, README.qnx - Perl version 5 on QNX
DESCRIPTION Required Software for Compiling Perl on QNX4 /bin/sh, ar, nm, cpp, make
Outstanding Issues with Perl on QNX4 QNX auxiliary files qnx/ar, qnx/cpp
Outstanding issues with perl under QNX6
AUTHOR
perlsolaris, README.solaris - Perl version 5 on Solaris systems
DESCRIPTION Solaris Version Numbers.
RESOURCES Solaris FAQ, Precompiled Binaries, Solaris Documentation
SETTING UP File Extraction Problems on Solaris. Compiler and Related Tools on Solaris. Environment for Compiling perl on Solaris
RUN CONFIGURE. 64-bit perl on Solaris. Threads in perl on Solaris. Malloc Issues with perl on Solaris.
MAKE PROBLEMS. Dynamic Loading Problems With GNU as and GNU ld, ld.so.1: ./perl: fatal: relocation error:, dlopen: stub interception failed, #error "No DATAMODEL_NATIVE specified", sh: ar: not found, warning: dead part of constant expression is nonconstant
MAKE TEST op/stat.t test 4 in Solaris nss_delete core dump from op/pwent or op/grent
PREBUILT BINARIES OF PERL FOR SOLARIS. RUNTIME ISSUES FOR PERL ON SOLARIS. Limits on Numbers of Open Files on Solaris.
SOLARIS-SPECIFIC MODULES. SOLARIS-SPECIFIC PROBLEMS WITH MODULES. Proc::ProcessTable on Solaris BSD::Resource on Solaris Net::SSLeay on Solaris
SunOS 4.x AUTHOR
perltru64, README.tru64 - Perl version 5 on Tru64 (formerly known as Digital UNIX formerly known as DEC OSF/1) systems
DESCRIPTION Compiling Perl 5 on Tru64 Using Large Files with Perl on Tru64 Threaded Perl on Tru64 Long Doubles on Tru64 DB_File tests failing on Tru64 64-bit Perl on Tru64 Warnings about floating-point overflow when compiling Perl on Tru64
Testing Perl on Tru64 ext/ODBM_File/odbm Test Failing With Static Builds Perl Fails Because Of Unresolved Symbol sockatmark AUTHOR
perluts - Perl under UTS
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION BUILDING PERL ON UTS Installing the built perl on UTS AUTHOR
perlvmesa, README.vmesa - building and installing Perl for VM/ESA.
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Unpacking Perl Distribution on VM/ESA Setup Perl and utilities on VM/ESA Configure Perl on VM/ESA Testing Anomalies of Perl on VM/ESA Usage Hints for Perl on VM/ESA
AUTHORS SEE ALSO Mailing list for Perl on VM/ESA
perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
DESCRIPTION Installation Organization of Perl Images Core Images Perl Extensions Installing static extensions Installing dynamic extensions
File specifications Syntax Wildcard expansion Pipes
PERL5LIB and PERLLIB Command line I/O redirection and backgrounding Command line switches -i, -S, -u
Perl functions File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump, exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
Perl variables %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $|
Standard modules with VMS-specific differences SDBM_File
Revision date AUTHOR
perlvos, README.vos - Perl for Stratus VOS
SYNOPSIS Multiple methods to build perl for VOS Stratus POSIX Support
INSTALLING PERL IN VOS Compiling Perl 5 on VOS Installing Perl 5 on VOS
USING PERL IN VOS Unimplemented Features of Perl on VOS Restrictions of Perl on VOS Handling of underflow and overflow
TEST STATUS SUPPORT STATUS AUTHOR LAST UPDATE
perlwin32 - Perl under Windows
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Setting Up Perl on Win32 Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Microsoft Visual C++ Toolkit 2003, Microsoft Platform SDK 64-bit Compiler, MinGW release 3 with gcc, MinGW release 1 with gcc
Building Testing Perl on Win32 Installation of Perl on Win32 Usage Hints for Perl on Win32Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line, Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific Extensions, Notes on 64-bit Windows
Running Perl Scripts Miscellaneous Things
BUGS AND CAVEATS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHORS Gary Ng <71564.1743@CompuServe.COM>, Gurusamy Sarathy <gsar@activestate.com>, Nick Ing-Simmons <nick@ing-simmons.net>, Jan Dubois <jand@activestate.com>, Steve Hay <steve.hay@uk.radan.com>
SEE ALSO HISTORY

PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION

attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

method, locked

re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

threadshared::shared, threads::shared - Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXPORT
FUNCTIONSshare VARIABLE, lock VARIABLE, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_wait CONDVAR, LOCKVAR, cond_timedwait VARIABLE, ABS_TIMEOUT, cond_timedwait CONDVAR, ABS_TIMEOUT, LOCKVAR, cond_signal VARIABLE, cond_broadcast VARIABLE

NOTES
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

threads - Perl extension allowing use of interpreter based threads from perl

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
$thread = threads->create(function, LIST), $thread->join,
$thread->detach, threads->self, $thread->tid, threads->object( tid ), threads->yield();, threads->list();, async BLOCK;

WARNINGS
A thread exited while %d other threads were still running

TODO
BUGS
Parent-Child threads, tid is I32, Returning objects, Creating
threads inside BEGIN blocks, PERL_OLD_SIGNALS are not threadsafe,
will not be

AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
SEE ALSO

attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Built-in Attributes
locked, method, lvalue

Available Subroutines
get, reftype

Package-specific Attribute Handling
FETCH_type_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_type_ATTRIBUTES

Syntax of Attribute Lists

EXPORTS
Default exports
Available exports
Export tags defined

EXAMPLES
SEE ALSO

autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

base - Establish IS-A relationship with base classes at compile time

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
DIAGNOSTICS
Base class package "%s" is empty

HISTORY
CAVEATS
SEE ALSO

bigint - Transparent BigInteger support for Perl

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Optionsa or accuracy, p or precision, t or trace, l or lib, v or version

Math Library
Internal Format
Sign
Methods
Caveat

MODULES USED
EXAMPLES
LICENSE
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

bignum - Transparent BigNumber support for Perl

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Optionsa or accuracy, p or precision, t or trace, l or lib, v or version

Methods
Caveat
inf(), NaN(), upgrade()

MATH LIBRARY
INTERNAL FORMAT
SIGN

MODULES USED
EXAMPLES
LICENSE
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

bigrat - Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Modules Used
Math Library
Sign
Methods
Cavaet
Optionsa or accuracy, p or precision, t or trace, l or lib, v or version

EXAMPLES
perl -Mbigrat -le 'print sqrt(33)'
perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 2*255'
perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 4.5+2*255'
perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3'
perl -Mbigrat -le 'print 12->is_odd()';

LICENSE
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS
AUTHOR

bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character semantics

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
LIMITATIONS
SEE ALSO

charnames - define character names for "\N{named}" string literal escapes

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
CUSTOM ALIASES
Anonymous hashes
Alias file
Alias shortcut

charnames::viacode(code)
charnames::vianame(name)
ALIASES
ILLEGAL CHARACTERS
BUGS

constant - Perl pragma to declare constants

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTES
List constants
Defining multiple constants at once
Magic constants

TECHNICAL NOTES
BUGS
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

diagnostics, splain - produce verbose warning diagnostics

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
The "diagnostics" Pragma
The splain Program

EXAMPLES
INTERNALS
BUGS
AUTHOR

encoding - allows you to write your script in non-ascii or non-utf8

SYNOPSIS
ABSTRACT
Literal Conversions
PerlIO layers for "STD(IN|OUT)"
Implicit upgrading for byte strings

FEATURES THAT REQUIRE 5.8.1
"NON-EUC" doublebyte encodings, tr//, DATA pseudo-filehandle

USAGEuse encoding [ENCNAME] ;, use encoding ENCNAME [ STDIN => ENCNAME_IN ...] ;, use encoding ENCNAME Filter=>1;, no encoding;

The Filter Option
Filter-related changes at Encode version 1.87

CAVEATS
NOT SCOPED
DO NOT MIX MULTIPLE ENCODINGS
tr/// with ranges
Legend of characters above

EXAMPLE - Greekperl
KNOWN PROBLEMS
literals in regex that are longer than 127 bytes, EBCDIC, format

The Logic of :locale

HISTORY
SEE ALSO

fields - compile-time class fields

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
new, phash

SEE ALSO

filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
subpragma access

if - "use" a Perl module if a condition holds

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS
AUTHOR

integer - Perl pragma to use integer arithmetic instead of floating point

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

lib - manipulate @INC at compile time

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Adding directories to @INC
Deleting directories from @INC
Restoring original @INC

CAVEATS
NOTES
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
SEE ALSO

ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

overload - Package for overloading Perl operations

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Declaration of overloaded functions
Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
FALSE, TRUE, "undef"

Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
Calling Conventions for Mutators
"++" and "--", "x=" and other assignment versions

Overloadable Operations
Arithmetic operations, Comparison operations, Bit operations, Increment and decrement, Transcendental functions, Boolean, string and numeric conversion, Iteration, Dereferencing, Special

Inheritance and overloading
Strings as values of "use overload" directive, Overloading of
an operation is inherited by derived classes

SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR "use overload"
Last Resort
Fallback
"undef", TRUE, defined, but FALSE

Copy Constructor
Example

MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
Assignment forms of arithmetic operations, Conversion operations, Increment and decrement, "abs($a)", Unary minus, Negation, Concatenation, Comparison operations, Iterator, Dereferencing, Copy operator

Losing overloading
Run-time Overloading
Public functionsoverload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)

Overloading constants
integer, float, binary, q, qr

IMPLEMENTATION
Metaphor clash
Cookbook
Two-face scalars
Two-face references
Symbolic calculator
Really symbolic calculator

AUTHOR
DIAGNOSTICS
Odd number of arguments for overload::constant, `%s' is not an
overloadable type, `%s' is not a code reference

BUGS

sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
SIGNAL HANDLERS
stack-trace, die, handler your-handler

SIGNAL LISTS
normal-signals, error-signals, old-interface-signals

OTHER
untrapped, any, signal, number

EXAMPLES

sort - perl pragma to control sort() behaviour

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CAVEATS

strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
"strict refs", "strict vars", "strict subs"

HISTORY

subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

threadshared, threads::shared - Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXPORT
FUNCTIONSshare VARIABLE, lock VARIABLE, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_wait CONDVAR, LOCKVAR, cond_timedwait VARIABLE, ABS_TIMEOUT, cond_timedwait CONDVAR, ABS_TIMEOUT, LOCKVAR, cond_signal VARIABLE, cond_broadcast VARIABLE

NOTES
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Utility functions$num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string), $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]), utf8::encode($string),
utf8::decode($string), $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING), $flag =
utf8::valid(STRING)

BUGS
SEE ALSO

vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

vmsish - Perl pragma to control VMS-specific language features

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
"vmsish status", "vmsish exit", "vmsish time", "vmsish hushed"

warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTIONuse warnings::register, warnings::enabled(), warnings::enabled($category), warnings::enabled($object), warnings::warn($message), warnings::warn($category, $message), warnings::warn($object, $message), warnings::warnif($message), warnings::warnif($category, $message), warnings::warnif($object, $message)

warnings::register - warnings import function

SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

MODULE DOCUMENTATION

AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs

SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION: DBM Comparisons
[0], [1], [2], [3]
SEE ALSO
Attribute::Handlers - Simpler definition of attribute handlers
VERSION SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION [0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
Typed lexicals Type-specific attribute handlers Non-interpretive attribute handlers Phase-specific attribute handlers Attributes as "tie" interfaces
EXAMPLES DIAGNOSTICS"Bad attribute type: ATTR(%s)", "Attribute handler %s doesn't handle %s attributes", "Declaration of %s attribute in package %s may clash with future reserved word", "Can't have two ATTR specifiers on one subroutine", "Can't autotie a %s", "Internal error: %s symbol went missing", "Won't be able to apply END handler"
AUTHOR BUGS COPYRIGHT
AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Subroutine Stubs
Using AutoLoader's AUTOLOAD Subroutine
Overriding AutoLoader's AUTOLOAD Subroutine
Package Lexicals
Not Using AutoLoader
AutoLoader vs. SelfLoader
CAVEATS SEE ALSO
AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION $keep, $check, $modtime
Multiple packages
DIAGNOSTICS
B - The Perl Compiler
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION OVERVIEW Utility Functions Functions Returning "B::SV", "B::AV", "B::HV", and "B::CV" objectssv_undef, sv_yes, sv_no, svref_2object(SVREF), amagic_generation, init_av, check_av, begin_av, end_av, comppadlist, regex_padav, main_cv
Functions for Examining the Symbol Table walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE, PREFIX)
Functions Returning "B::OP" objects or for walking op treesmain_root, main_start, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG)
Miscellaneous Utility Functions ppname(OPNUM), hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), perlstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
OVERVIEW OF CLASSES SV-RELATED CLASSES B::SV Methods REFCNT, FLAGS, object_2svref
B::IV Methods IV, IVX, UVX, int_value, needs64bits, packiv
B::NV Methods NV, NVX
B::RV Methods RV
B::PV Methods PV, RV, PVX
B::PVMG Methods MAGIC, SvSTASH
B::MAGIC Methods MOREMAGIC, precomp, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR, REGEX
B::PVLV Methods TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
B::BM Methods USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
B::GV Methods is_empty, NAME, SAFENAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE, FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
B::IO Methods LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV, BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS, IsSTD
B::AV Methods FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, ARRAYelt, AvFLAGS
B::CV MethodsSTASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, OUTSIDE_SEQ, XSUB, XSUBANY, CvFLAGS, const_sv
B::HV Methods FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
OP-RELATED CLASSES B::OP Methods next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, opt, static, flags, private, spare
B::UNOP METHOD first
B::BINOP METHOD last
B::LOGOP METHOD other
B::LISTOP METHOD children
B::PMOP Methods pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmdynflags, pmpermflags, precomp, pmoffset
B::SVOP METHOD sv, gv
B::PADOP METHOD padix
B::PVOP METHOD pv
B::LOOP Methods redoop, nextop, lastop
B::COP Methods label, stash, stashpv, file, cop_seq, arybase, line, warnings, io
AUTHOR
B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION %insn_data, @insn_name, @optype, @specialsv_name
AUTHOR
B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHORS
B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Functions
find_leaders
AUTHOR
B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
OPTIONS
-b, -H, -k, -ooutfile, -s
KNOWN BUGS NOTICE AUTHORS
B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
-ofilename, -v, --, -uPackname, -D, -Do, -Dc, -DA, -DC, -DM, -f, -fcog, -fsave-data, -fppaddr, -fwarn-sv, -fuse-script-name, -fsave-sig-hash, -On, -O0, -O1, -O2, -llimit
EXAMPLES BUGS AUTHOR
B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
-ofilename, -v, --, -uPackname, -mModulename, -D, -Dr, -DO, -Ds, -Dp, -Dq, -Dl, -Dt, -f, -ffreetmps-each-bblock, -ffreetmps-each-loop, -fomit-taint, -On
EXAMPLES BUGS DIFFERENCES Loops Context of ".." Arithmetic Deprecated features
AUTHOR
B::Concise - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
OPTIONS
Options for Opcode Ordering
-basic, -exec, -tree
Options for Line-Style
-concise, -terse, -linenoise, -debug, -env
Options for tree-specific formatting
-compact, -loose, -vt, -ascii
Options controlling sequence numbering
-basen, -bigendian, -littleendian
Other options
-main, -nomain, -nobanner, -banner, -banneris => subref
Option Stickiness
ABBREVIATIONS OP class abbreviations OP flags abbreviations
FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS
Special Patterns
(x(exec_text;basic_text)x), (*(text)*), (*(text1;text2)*), (?(text1#varText2)?), ~
# Variables
#var, #varN, #Var, #addr, #arg, #class, #classsym, #coplabel, #exname, #extarg, #firstaddr, #flags, #flagval, #hyphseq, #label, #lastaddr, #name, #NAME, #next, #nextaddr, #noise, #private, #privval, #seq, #seqnum, #opt, #static, #sibaddr, #svaddr, #svclass, #svval, #targ, #targarg, #targarglife, #typenum
Using B::Concise outside of the O framework
Example: Altering Concise Renderings
set_style()
set_style_standard($name)
add_style()
add_callback()
Running B::Concise::compile() B::Concise::reset_sequence() Errors
AUTHOR
B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHOR
B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
-d, -fFILE, -l, -p, -P, -q, -sLETTERS, C, iNUMBER, T, vSTRING., -xLEVEL
USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE Synopsis Description new ambient_pragmas strict, $[, bytes, utf8, integer, re, warnings, hint_bits, warning_bits
coderef2text
BUGS AUTHOR
B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHOR
B::Lint - Perl lint
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKScontext, implicit-read and implicit-write, bare-subs, dollar-underscore, private-names, undefined-subs, regexp-variables, all, none
NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
-u Package
BUGS AUTHOR
B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION CONVENTIONS IMPLEMENTATION BUGS AUTHOR
B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES OPTIONS
SEE ALSO TODO AUTHOR
B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHOR
B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHOR
B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION OPTIONS "-oFILENAME", "-r", "-d", "-D[tO]"
BUGS AUTHOR
Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Functions
find_leaders
AUTHOR
Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION Methods new, debug, iters
Standard Exports timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ), timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr ( TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
Optional Exports clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache ( ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
:hireswallclock
NOTES EXAMPLES INHERITANCE CAVEATS SEE ALSO AUTHORS MODIFICATION HISTORY
ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
SYNOPSIS DESCRIPTION AUTHOR SEE ALSO
Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
OPTIONS
-b, -H, -k, -ooutfile, -s
KNOWN BUGS NOTICE AUTHORS
CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
SYNOPSIS
ABSTRACT
DESCRIPTION
PROGRAMMING STYLE
CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
HANDLING NON-URLENCODED ARGUMENTS
DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE:cgi, :form, :html2, :html3, :html4, :netscape, :html, :standard, :all
PRAGMAS -any, -compile, -nosticky, -tabindex, -no_undef_params, -no_xhtml, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload, -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
Parameters:, 4, 5, 6..
ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
-absolute, -relative, -full, -path (-path_info), -query (-query_string), -base, -rewrite
MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS: PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS AUTOESCAPING HTML $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset = charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data
FORM ELEMENTS
-name, -value, -values, -tabindex, -id, -override, -onChange, -onFocus, -onBlur, -onMouseOver, -onMouseOut, -onSelect
CREATING A TEXT FIELD
Parameters
CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
Parameters
CREATING A POPUP MENU
CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
Parameters:
CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
Parameters:
CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
Parameters:
CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
Parameters:
CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
Parameters:
CREATING A RESET BUTTON
CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
Parameters:
CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
Parameters:, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
HTTP COOKIES
1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag, -name, -value, -path, -domain, -expires, -secure
WORKING WITH FRAMES 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
onLoad, onUnload, onSubmit, onClick, onChange, onFocus, onBlur, onSelect, onMouseOver, onMouseOut
LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS DEBUGGING DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLESAAcccceepptt(()), rraaww__ccooookkiiee(()), uusseerr__aaggeenntt(()), ppaatthh__iinnffoo(()), ppaatthh__ttrraannssllaatteedd(()), rreemmoottee__hhoosstt(()), ssccrriipptt__nnaammee(()) Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, rreeffeerreerr(()), auth_type (), server_name (), virtual_host (), server_port (), virtual_port (), server_software (), remote_user (), user_name (), rreeqquueesstt__mmeetthhoodd(()), ccoonntteenntt__ttyyppee(()), hhttttpp(()), hhttttppss(())
USING NPH SCRIPTS
In the use statement, By calling the nnpphh(()) method:, By using -nph parameters

AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION

Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
don't all have manual pages yet:

a2p
c2ph
dprofpp
h2ph
h2xs
perlbug
perldoc
pl2pm
pod2html
pod2man
s2p
splain
xsubpp

AUTHOR

Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.

docs.sk

comprehensive documentation repository

See also