i18n::langtags::list(3)

NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

SYNOPSIS

use I18N::LangTags::List;
print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
    I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx')  ||  'unknown_language',
    I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
    I18N::LangTags::List::name('en')   ||  'unknown_language',
    I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
  ), "?0;
prints:
Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian
English?

DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function "I18N::Lang
Tags::List::name( langtag ) " that takes a language tag
(see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an
English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of
the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not
exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as
%I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list
that follows in this documentation, which should be useful
to you even if you don't use this module.

ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a for
malism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO
639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English),
as are their forms when qualified by a country code
("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length nonISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001)
introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

� Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is: written with a "_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always
matches "m/^24
ent than a language tag. A language tag denotes a
language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic
location-specific information such as what currency is
used there. Locales also often denote character set
information, as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".
� Language tags are not for computer languages.
� "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no: objective criterion for establishing when two lan
guage-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate
languages.
� Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us,: En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same
language.
� Not every language tag really refers to a single lan: guage. Some language tags refer to conditions:
i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe
other languages), und (undetermined language). Others
(notably lots of the three-letter codes) are biblio
graphic tags that classify whole groups of languages,
as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that
has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more
specific code) or the even less linguistically coher
ent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though
useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.
� Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they: are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for
Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code ".jp" for Japan.

LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between
{...}. It is followed by an English name for the language
or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not
for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the
language.

{ab} : Abkhazian: eq Abkhaz
{ace} : Achinese {ach} : Acoli {ada} : Adangme {aa} : Afar {afh} : Afrihili: (Artificial)
{af} : Afrikaans [{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)] {aka} : Akan {akk} : Akkadian: (Historical)
{sq} : Albanian {ale} : Aleut [{alg} : Algonquian languages]: NOT Algonquin!
[{tut} : Altaic (Other)] {am} : Amharic: NOT Aramaic!
{i-ami} : Ami: eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.
[{apa} : Apache languages] {ar} : Arabic: Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken
media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh}
Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyp
tian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian
Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Ara
bic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic;
{ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa}
Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian
Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.
{arc} : Aramaic: NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!
{arp} : Arapaho {arn} : Araucanian {arw} : Arawak {hy} : Armenian [{art} : Artificial (Other)] {as} : Assamese [{ath} : Athapascan languages]: eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.
[{aus} : Australian languages] [{map} : Austronesian (Other)] {ava} : Avaric {ae} : Avestan: eq Zend
{awa} : Awadhi {ay} : Aymara {az} : Azerbaijani: eq Azeri
{ban} : Balinese [{bat} : Baltic (Other)] {bal} : Baluchi {bam} : Bambara [{bai} : Bamileke languages] {bad} : Banda [{bnt} : Bantu (Other)] {bas} : Basa {ba} : Bashkir {eu} : Basque {btk} : Batak (Indonesia) {bej} : Beja {be} : Belarusian: eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq
Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian.
NOT Ruthenian!
{bem} : Bemba {bn} : Bengali: eq Bangla.
[{ber} : Berber (Other)] {bho} : Bhojpuri {bh} : Bihari {bik} : Bikol {bin} : Bini {bi} : Bislama: eq Bichelamar.
{bs} : Bosnian {bra} : Braj {br} : Breton {bug} : Buginese {bg} : Bulgarian {i-bnn} : Bunun {bua} : Buriat {my} : Burmese {cad} : Caddo {car} : Carib {ca} : Catalan: eq Catalan. eq Catalonian.
[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)] {ceb} : Cebuano [{cel} : Celtic (Other)]: Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)
[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)] {chg} : Chagatai: (Historical?)
[{cmc} : Chamic languages] {ch} : Chamorro {ce} : Chechen {chr} : Cherokee: eq Tsalagi
{chy} : Cheyenne {chb} : Chibcha: (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language fam
ily).
{ny} : Chichewa: eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.
{zh} : Chinese: Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken
media. Notable subforms: {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-hk}
Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-sg} Sin
gapore Chinese; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-guoyu}
Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly
i-hakka]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern
Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese;
{zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.
{chn} : Chinook Jargon: eq Chinook Wawa.
{chp} : Chipewyan {cho} : Choctaw {cu} : Church Slavic: eq Old Church Slavonic.
{chk} : Chuukese: eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.
{cv} : Chuvash {cop} : Coptic {kw} : Cornish {co} : Corsican: eq Corse.
{cre} : Cree: NOT Creek!
{mus} : Creek: NOT Cree!
[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)] [{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)] [{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)] [{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)] {hr} : Croatian: eq Croat.
[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)] {cs} : Czech {dak} : Dakota: eq Nakota. eq Latoka.
{da} : Danish {day} : Dayak {i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language: Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which
must include English text, and might/should include
text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted
in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possi
ble -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.
{del} : Delaware {din} : Dinka {div} : Divehi {doi} : Dogri: NOT Dogrib!
{dgr} : Dogrib: NOT Dogri!
[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)] {dua} : Duala {nl} : Dutch: eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands
Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.
{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350): (Historical)
{dyu} : Dyula {dz} : Dzongkha {efi} : Efik {egy} : Ancient Egyptian: (Historical)
{eka} : Ekajuk {elx} : Elamite: (Historical)
{en} : English: Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz}
Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK
English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican
English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philip
pine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US
English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zim
babwe English.
{enm} : Old English (1100-1500): (Historical)
{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100): eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)
{eo} : Esperanto: (Artificial)
{et} : Estonian {ewe} : Ewe {ewo} : Ewondo {fan} : Fang {fat} : Fanti {fo} : Faroese {fj} : Fijian {fi} : Finnish [{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]: eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!
{fon} : Fon {fr} : French: Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian
French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French;
{fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.
{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600): (Historical)
{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400): (Historical)
{fy} : Frisian {fur} : Friulian {ful} : Fulah {gaa} : Ga {gd} : Scots Gaelic: NOT Scots!
{gl} : Gallegan: eq Galician
{lug} : Ganda {gay} : Gayo {gba} : Gbaya {gez} : Geez: eq Ge'ez
{ka} : Georgian {de} : German: Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Bel
gian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany
German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxem
bourg German.
{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500): (Historical)
{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050): (Historical)
[{gem} : Germanic (Other)] {gil} : Gilbertese {gon} : Gondi {gor} : Gorontalo {got} : Gothic: (Historical)
{grb} : Grebo {grc} : Ancient Greek: (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)
{el} : Modern Greek: (Since 15th century or so.)
{gn} : Guarani: Guarani
{gu} : Gujarati {gwi} : Gwich'in: eq Gwichin
{hai} : Haida {ha} : Hausa {haw} : Hawaiian: Hawai'ian
{he} : Hebrew: (Formerly "iw".)
{hz} : Herero {hil} : Hiligaynon {him} : Himachali {hi} : Hindi {ho} : Hiri Motu {hit} : Hittite: (Historical)
{hmn} : Hmong {hu} : Hungarian {hup} : Hupa {iba} : Iban {is} : Icelandic {ibo} : Igbo {ijo} : Ijo {ilo} : Iloko [{inc} : Indic (Other)] [{ine} : Indo-European (Other)] {id} : Indonesian: (Formerly "in".)
{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Asso ciation): (Artificial) NOT Interlingue!
{ie} : Interlingue: (Artificial) NOT Interlingua!
{iu} : Inuktitut: A subform of "Eskimo".
{ik} : Inupiaq: A subform of "Eskimo".
[{ira} : Iranian (Other)] {ga} : Irish {mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200): (Historical)
{sga} : Old Irish (to 900): (Historical)
[{iro} : Iroquoian languages] {it} : Italian: Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss
Italian.
{ja} : Japanese: (NOT "jp"!)
{jw} : Javanese {jrb} : Judeo-Arabic {jpr} : Judeo-Persian {kab} : Kabyle {kac} : Kachin {kl} : Kalaallisut: eq Greenlandic "Eskimo"
{kam} : Kamba {kn} : Kannada: eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian!
{kau} : Kanuri {kaa} : Kara-Kalpak {kar} : Karen {ks} : Kashmiri {kaw} : Kawi {kk} : Kazakh {kha} : Khasi {km} : Khmer: eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.
[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)] {kho} : Khotanese {ki} : Kikuyu: eq Gikuyu.
{kmb} : Kimbundu {rw} : Kinyarwanda {ky} : Kirghiz {i-klingon} : Klingon {kv} : Komi {kon} : Kongo {kok} : Konkani {ko} : Korean {kos} : Kosraean {kpe} : Kpelle {kro} : Kru {kj} : Kuanyama {kum} : Kumyk {ku} : Kurdish {kru} : Kurukh {kut} : Kutenai {lad} : Ladino: eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in
Italy).
{lah} : Lahnda: NOT Lamba!
{lam} : Lamba: NOT Lahnda!
{lo} : Lao: eq Laotian.
{la} : Latin: (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino!
{lv} : Latvian: eq Lettish.
{lb} : Letzeburgesch: eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly i-lux.)
{lez} : Lezghian {ln} : Lingala {lt} : Lithuanian {nds} : Low German: eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.
{loz} : Lozi {lub} : Luba-Katanga {lua} : Luba-Lulua {lui} : Luiseno: eq Luisen~o.
{lun} : Lunda {luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania) {lus} : Lushai {mk} : Macedonian: eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was
Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek
Macedonia!
{mad} : Madurese {mag} : Magahi {mai} : Maithili {mak} : Makasar {mg} : Malagasy {ms} : Malay: NOT Malayalam!
{ml} : Malayalam: NOT Malay!
{mt} : Maltese {mnc} : Manchu {mdr} : Mandar: NOT Mandarin!
{man} : Mandingo {mni} : Manipuri: eq Meithei.
[{mno} : Manobo languages] {gv} : Manx {mi} : Maori: NOT Mari!
{mr} : Marathi {chm} : Mari: NOT Maori!
{mh} : Marshall: eq Marshallese.
{mwr} : Marwari {mas} : Masai [{myn} : Mayan languages] {men} : Mende {mic} : Micmac {min} : Minangkabau {i-mingo} : Mingo: eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT
New York Seneca!
[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]: Don't use this.
{moh} : Mohawk {mo} : Moldavian: eq Moldovan.
[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)] {lol} : Mongo {mn} : Mongolian: eq Mongol.
{mos} : Mossi [{mul} : Multiple languages]: Not for normal use.
[{mun} : Munda languages] {nah} : Nahuatl {na} : Nauru {nv} : Navajo: eq Navaho. (Formerly i-navajo.)
{nd} : North Ndebele {nr} : South Ndebele {ng} : Ndonga {ne} : Nepali: eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali;
{ne-in} India Nepali.
{new} : Newari {nia} : Nias [{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)] [{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)] {niu} : Niuean {non} : Old Norse: (Historical)
[{nai} : North American Indian]: Do not use this.
{se} : Northern Sami: eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.
{no} : Norwegian: Note the two following forms:
{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal: eq Bokmaal, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly no-bok.)
{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk: (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly no-nyn.)
[{nub} : Nubian languages] {nym} : Nyamwezi {nyn} : Nyankole {nyo} : Nyoro {nzi} : Nzima {oc} : Occitan (post 1500): eq Provencal, eq Provencal
{oji} : Ojibwa: eq Ojibwe.
{or} : Oriya {om} : Oromo {osa} : Osage {os} : Ossetian; Ossetic [{oto} : Otomian languages]: Group of languages collectively called "Otomi".
{pal} : Pahlavi: eq Pahlevi
{i-pwn} : Paiwan: eq Pariwan
{pau} : Palauan {pi} : Pali: (Historical?)
{pam} : Pampanga {pag} : Pangasinan {pa} : Panjabi: eq Punjabi
{pap} : Papiamento: eq Papiamentu.
[{paa} : Papuan (Other)] {fa} : Persian: eq Farsi. eq Iranian.
{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.) [{phi} : Philippine (Other)] {phn} : Phoenician: (Historical)
{pon} : Pohnpeian: NOT Pompeiian!
{pl} : Polish {pt} : Portuguese: eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Por
tuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.
[{pra} : Prakrit languages] {pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500): eq Old Provencal. (Historical.)
{ps} : Pushto: eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.
{qu} : Quechua: eq Quecha.
{rm} : Raeto-Romance: eq Romansh.
{raj} : Rajasthani {rap} : Rapanui {rar} : Rarotongan [{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.] [{roa} : Romance (Other)]: NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!
{ro} : Romanian: eq Rumanian. NOT Romany!
{rom} : Romany: eq Rom. NOT Romanian!
{rn} : Rundi {ru} : Russian: NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!
[{sal} : Salishan languages]: Large language group.
{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic: NOT Aramaic!
[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)] {sm} : Samoan {sad} : Sandawe {sg} : Sango {sa} : Sanskrit: (Historical)
{sat} : Santali {sc} : Sardinian: eq Sard.
{sas} : Sasak {sco} : Scots: NOT Scots Gaelic!
{sel} : Selkup [{sem} : Semitic (Other)] {sr} : Serbian: eq Serb. NOT Sorbian.
{srr} : Serer {shn} : Shan {sn} : Shona {sid} : Sidamo {sgn-...} : Sign Languages: Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb}
British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Lan
guage (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN);
{sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL).
{bla} : Siksika: eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.
{sd} : Sindhi {si} : Sinhalese: eq Sinhala.
[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)] [{sio} : Siouan languages] {den} : Slave (Athapascan): ("Slavey" is a subform.)
[{sla} : Slavic (Other)] {sk} : Slovak: eq Slovakian.
{sl} : Slovenian: eq Slovene.
{sog} : Sogdian {so} : Somali {son} : Songhai {snk} : Soninke {wen} : Sorbian languages: eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT
Venda! NOT Serbian!
{nso} : Northern Sotho {st} : Southern Sotho: eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.
[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)] {es} : Spanish: Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo}
Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co}
Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec}
Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt}
Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx}
Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe}
Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish;
{es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish;
{es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve}
Venezuelan Spanish.
{suk} : Sukuma {sux} : Sumerian: (Historical)
{su} : Sundanese {sus} : Susu {sw} : Swahili: eq Kiswahili
{ss} : Swati {sv} : Swedish: Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland
Swedish.
{syr} : Syriac {tl} : Tagalog {ty} : Tahitian [{tai} : Tai (Other)]: NOT Thai!
{tg} : Tajik {tmh} : Tamashek {ta} : Tamil {i-tao} : Tao: eq Yami.
{tt} : Tatar {i-tay} : Tayal: eq Atayal. eq Atayan.
{te} : Telugu {ter} : Tereno {tet} : Tetum {th} : Thai: NOT Tai!
{bo} : Tibetan {tig} : Tigre {ti} : Tigrinya {tem} : Timne: eq Themne. eq Timene.
{tiv} : Tiv {tli} : Tlingit {tpi} : Tok Pisin {tkl} : Tokelau {tog} : Tonga (Nyasa): NOT Tsonga!
{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands): (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga"); NOT Tsonga!
{tsi} : Tsimshian: eq Sm'algyax
{ts} : Tsonga: NOT Tonga!
{i-tsu} : Tsou {tn} : Tswana: Same as Setswana.
{tum} : Tumbuka {tr} : Turkish: (Typically in Roman script)
{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928): (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)
{tk} : Turkmen: eq Turkmeni.
{tvl} : Tuvalu {tyv} : Tuvinian: eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.
{tw} : Twi {uga} : Ugaritic: NOT Ugric!
{ug} : Uighur {uk} : Ukrainian {umb} : Umbundu {und} : Undetermined: Not a tag for normal use.
{ur} : Urdu {uz} : Uzbek: eq Oezbek
{vai} : Vai {ven} : Venda: NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan!
{vi} : Vietnamese: eq Viet.
{vo} : Volapuk: eq Volapuek. (Artificial)
{vot} : Votic: eq Votian. eq Vod.
[{wak} : Wakashan languages] {wal} : Walamo: eq Wolaytta.
{war} : Waray: Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray
(Samaren~o), not the smaller Philippine language Waray
Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.
{was} : Washo: eq Washoe
{cy} : Welsh {wo} : Wolof {x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use): "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not regis
tered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch
{xh} : Xhosa {sah} : Yakut {yao} : Yao: (The Yao in Malawi?)
{yap} : Yapese: eq Yap
{yi} : Yiddish: Formerly "ji". Sometimes in Roman script, sometimes
in Hebrew script.
{yo} : Yoruba [{ypk} : Yupik languages]: Several "Eskimo" languages.
{znd} : Zande [{zap} : Zapotec]: (A group of languages.)
{zen} : Zenaga: NOT Zend.
{za} : Zhuang {zu} : Zulu {zun} : Zuni: eq Zun~i

COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

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Email any corrections or questions to me.

AUTHOR

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org

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