Moose::Manual::MOP(3pm)
NAME
Moose::Manual::MOP - The Moose (and Class::MOP) meta API
INTRODUCTION
Moose provides a powerful introspection API built on top of
"Class::MOP". "MOP" stands for Meta-Object Protocol. In plainer
English, a MOP is an API for performing introspection on classes,
attributes, methods, and so on.
In fact, it is "Class::MOP" that provides many of Moose's core
features, including attributes, before/after/around method modifiers,
and immutability. In most cases, Moose takes an existing "Class::MOP"
class and subclasses it to add additional features. Moose also adds
some entirely new features of its own, such as roles, the augment
modifier, and types.
If you're interested in the MOP, it's important to know about
"Class::MOP" so you know what docs to read. Often, the introspection
method that you're looking for is defined in a "Class::MOP" class,
rather than Moose itself.
The MOP provides more than just read-only introspection. It also lets
you add attributes and methods, apply roles, and much more. In fact,
all of the declarative Moose sugar is simply a thin layer on top of the
MOP API.
If you want to write Moose extensions, you'll need to learn some of the
MOP API. The introspection methods are also handy if you want to
generate docs or inheritance graphs, or do some other runtime
reflection.
This document is not a complete reference for the meta API. We're just
going to cover some of the highlights, and give you a sense of how it
all works. To really understand it, you'll have to read a lot of other
docs, and possibly even dig into the Moose guts a bit.
GETTING STARTED
- The usual entry point to the meta API is through a class's metaclass
object, which is a Moose::Meta::Class. This is available by calling the "meta" method on a class or object: - package User;
- use Moose;
- my $meta = __PACKAGE__->meta;
- The "meta" method is added to a class when it uses Moose.
- You can also use "Class::MOP::Class->initialize($name)" to get a
metaclass object for any class. This is safer than calling
"$class->meta" when you're not sure that the class has a meta method. - The "Class::MOP::Class->initialize" constructor will return an existing
metaclass if one has already been created (via Moose or some other
means). If it hasn't, it will return a new "Class::MOP::Class" object. This will work for classes that use Moose, meta API classes, and
classes which don't use Moose at all.
USING THE METACLASS OBJECT
- The metaclass object can tell you about a class's attributes, methods,
roles, parents, and more. For example, to look at all of the class's
attributes: - for my $attr ( $meta->get_all_attributes ) {
print $attr->name, "\n";
- }
- The "get_all_attributes" method is documented in "Class::MOP::Class".
For Moose-using classes, it returns a list of Moose::Meta::Attribute
objects for attributes defined in the class and its parents. - You can also get a list of methods:
for my $method ( $meta->get_all_methods ) {print $method->fully_qualified_name, "\n";- }
- Now we're looping over a list of Moose::Meta::Method objects. Note that
some of these objects may actually be a subclass of
Moose::Meta::Method, as Moose uses different classes to represent
wrapped methods, delegation methods, constructors, etc. - We can look at a class's parent classes and subclasses:
for my $class ( $meta->linearized_isa ) {print "$class\n";- }
- for my $subclass ( $meta->subclasses ) {
print "$subclass\n";
- }
- Note that both these methods return class names, not metaclass objects.
ALTERING CLASSES WITH THE MOP
The metaclass object can change the class directly, by adding
attributes, methods, etc.
- As an example, we can add a method to a class:
- $meta->add_method( 'say' => sub { print @_, "\n" } );
- Or an attribute:
$meta->add_attribute( 'size' => { is => 'rw', isa => 'Int' } );- Obviously, this is much more cumbersome than using Perl syntax or Moose sugar for defining methods and attributes, but this API allows for very powerful extensions.
- You might remember that we've talked about making classes immutable
elsewhere in the manual. This is a good practice. However, once a class is immutable, calling any of these update methods will throw an
exception. - You can make a class mutable again simply by calling
"$meta->make_mutable". Once you're done changing it, you can restore
immutability by calling "$meta->make_immutable". - However, the most common use for this part of the meta API is as part
of Moose extensions. These extensions should assume that they are being run before you make a class immutable.
GOING FURTHER
If you're interested in extending Moose, we recommend reading all of
the "Meta" and "Extending" recipes in the Moose::Cookbook. Those
recipes show various practical applications of the MOP.
If you'd like to write your own extensions, one of the best ways to
learn more about this is to look at other similar extensions to see how
they work. You'll probably also need to read various API docs,
including the docs for the various Moose::Meta::* classes and the
"Class::MOP" distribution.
Finally, we welcome questions on the Moose mailing list and IRC.
Information on the mailing list, IRC, and more references can be found
in the Moose.pm docs.
AUTHOR
Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org> and Stevan Little
<stevan@iinteractive.com>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 2009 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
<http://www.iinteractive.com>
- This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.